Александр • Breast lift Latvia Sep 3, 2020
I liked it all very much,
About Bookimed service
yes,
Breast lift Czech Republic
Sort by
Filters
Last updated: 12/16/2023
Breast lift in Czech Republic: Best Clinics and Costs 2024
Dr. MED Clinic
Turkey,
Istanbul
doctor
Aykut Gok
12 years of experience
- Technique: 360 tummy liposculpture (tummy, love handles, lower back), tummy tuck, diastasis correction, breast lift with implant
- Aykut Gok has received over 34 awards for his services in plastic reconstructive and aesthetic surgery.
- Dr. MED Clinic boasts a 98.5% success rate for mommy makeover procedures.
- Included Services: 4* hotel, VIP transfer.
- Stay Info: 2 days stay in the hospital, 5 days stay in the hotel, included in the price.
package
Mommy Make Over 1st Offer 360 Tummy Liposculpture by Vaser (Tummy, Love Handles, Lower Back), Tummy Tuck, Breast Augmentation with Implants, Breast Lifting ALL INCLUSIVE PREMIUM PACKAGE
Limited-time deal
$9215
per package
Istanbul Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Center
Turkey,
Istanbul
doctor
Ergin Er
30 years of experience
•
10000+ treatments performed
Surgeon's portfolio
See portfolio
- Dr. Ergin Er has won multiple national and international awards for his expertise in plastic surgery.
- Istanbul Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Center attracts over 4,000 patients annually for plastic procedures.
- Included services: Consultation with a plastic surgeon, special bra, consultation with an anesthesiologist, post-op medications, medications, blood tests, general anesthesia, transfer airport-hotel-clinic-airport, 4* hotel.
- Stay info: 1 day stay in the hospital, 7 days stay in a 4* hotel, included in the price.
package
Hisar Intercontinental Hospital
Turkey,
Istanbul
doctor
Hasan Sahin
18 years of experience
Surgeon's portfolio
See portfolio
- Technique: Standard breast lift
- Hasan Sahin has performed over 12,000 aesthetic surgeries for over 5,000 patients globally.
- Hisar Intercontinental Hospital is chosen by 250,000 patients annually for its high-quality medical care.
- Included Services: Consultation with a plastic surgeon, follow-up visit, language assistance, post-op medications, medications, blood tests, preoperative tests, hospitalization, transfer airport-hotel-clinic-airport.
- Stay Info: 1-day hospital stay, 4-day hotel stay, both included in the price.
package
We're rated “Excellent” on TrustPilot
At Bookimed, we put your health first with safe and easy solutions. Our quality care is proven by excellent reviews from patients.
KCM Clinic
Poland,
Jelenia Góra
doctor
Aleksandra Luniewska
18 years of experience
Surgeon's portfolio
See portfolio
- Technique: Breast lift surgery - Mastopexy with nipple and areola correction
- Grzegorz Kierzynka is a certified specialist in plastic surgery since 2016.
- KCM Clinic serves 700 patients annually from the UK, Germany, Iceland, Spain, and Oman.
- Included Services: Consultation with a plastic surgeon, special bra, blood tests, general anesthesia, hospitalization, hotel stay.
- Stay Info: 1-day stay in the hospital, 1-day stay in the hotel, included in the price.
package
Memorial Antalya Hospital
Turkey,
Antalya
doctor
Dilek Demirez
22 years of experience
Surgeon's portfolio
See portfolio
- Dr. Dilek Demirez has performed more than 3,500 treatments and specializes in breast surgeries.
- Memorial Antalya Hospital meets international standards of quality and safety according to JCI.
- Included services: Blood tests, Consultation with a plastic surgeon, 4* hotel, Transfer airport-clinic-airport.
- Stay info: 2 days stay in the hospital, 7 days stay in the hotel, included in the price.
package
21 Recent Breast lift Reviews in Czech Republic: Check Real Patient Experience
Елена Саиумнва • Blepharoplasty (Eyelid correction) Germany Nov 10, 2022
Most positive sentence: Everything is great
Everything is great. Only one eye is crooked. I'm waiting for the doctor's decision. The right eyelid needs to be redone.
About Bookimed service
Not everyone is happy. I'll come back to have my eyes redone.Anonymous • Blepharoplasty (Eyelid correction) Germany Aug 4, 2022
"He has golden hands
I came from Germany, the operation was successful on 07/28/22, blepharoplasty of the upper eyelids, the wonderful surgeon Antreas Heimaris operated, he has golden hands, the clinic is all at the highest level, I can appreciate it because I myself am a nurse, all the medical staff are very friendly, separate thanks to Maria Coordinator for her help, I advise everyone to this European-style wonderful clinic, I was very pleased with the result!
About Bookimed service
Yes, I’m very pleased, I couldn’t have done it all on my ownЕлена • Breast augmentation Ukraine Jul 8, 2022
Sensitive content
Show
"I will definitely be back for an abdominoplasty
Thank you very much bookimed for supporting me throughout the trip. I liked the clinic, the staff is very responsive, everything is at the highest level. Very caring nurses, I had a doctor from God, I did a complex breast lift with implants, I was very worried, but everything went well. The chamber is clean, the service is good, many thanks to everyone fed and protected. My doctor Radek Lhotsky https://www.formeclinic.cz/en/mudr-radek-lhotsky. He is a professional in his field. I will definitely be back for an abdominoplasty.
Marina • Breast augmentation Ukraine Nov 13, 2018
Sensitive content
Show
"I advise everyone to this clinic and doctor
It was a wonderful experience. Conducted breast augmentation surgery at Forme Clinic. This is not a clinic - this is a 5 star hotel))) You feel at home) Wonderful staff, very caring and that the most important thing for me is that you don’t feel that you are in the hospital. Dr. Mertan, was very attentive to my wishes and fulfilled everything exactly as I needed. The result exceeded all expectations, I was very pleased. I advise everyone to this clinic and doctor.
valeria m • Blepharoplasty (Eyelid correction) Germany Oct 14, 2023
Only the best emotions and the highest rating for the blepharoplasty of the lower eyelids performed by Dr
Only the best emotions and the highest praise for the made blepharopasty of lower eyelids to Dr Ofakar Lucak!!!!!. Thanks to Elena the translator for the excellent work!!! I recommend!!! Sincerely Valeria. Germany. Nuremberg
The calmness and professionalism of the medical staff!
I didn't notice anything negative
About Bookimed service
The guys are great!!! Very quick to respond, answer questions, find the clinic and doctor!!! Top marks!!!Лилия • Blepharoplasty (Eyelid correction) Ukraine Jul 29, 2023
Everything is high-quality and fast
Everything is high-quality and fast. The doctor is at a high professional level. The staff is friendly and welcoming. The translator is very attentive. I'm happy!
About Bookimed service
Thanks to your service and finding the right clinic, I solved a problem that bothered me for many years. Thank you.Viktoriya • Breast Augmentation with Fat Transfer France Apr 6, 2023
Elena Kolpacheva (by the way, an excellent specialist and a wonderful person! 💪👍🙏)
I went to the clinic for a mammological operation, Bookimed chose the clinic for me, and the clinic manager, Elena Kolpacheva (by the way, an excellent specialist and a wonderful person! 💪👍🙏), chose a doctor for me. Operation was successfully completed! Many thanks to Dr. Henrig David 🙏👐, the staff of the clinic (wonderful girls 👍 and a special compliment to the anesthesiologist 👐👍💪🌸), I feel great 💪 if I also turn for beauty, only in ABclinic ❤️
About Bookimed service
Bookimed молодцы!!!! Быстро подобрали хорошую клинику! Anonymous • Blepharoplasty (Eyelid correction) Germany Dec 29, 2022
The result is super
The staff speaks Russian and Ukrainian. The doctor spoke Czech, but colleagues translated. Very professional and friendly. Good beautician. Everything is punctual.
About Bookimed service
Yes, very friendlySarah Taylor • Liposuction Canada Dec 13, 2022
"I can't wait until my 3 month mark to see how everything has settled!"
Great medical team, I cannot thank each of the nurses enough! And my Dr, Dr Lovetinska had great bedside manners and comforted me about the procedure prior and what I was seeing as results after, explaining all that was done in the operating room. I am still healing as it has only been 10 days post-op, but wow. The results so far are amazing. I can't wait until my 3 month mark to see how everything has settled!
About Bookimed service
Yes!Breast lift Overview in Czech Republic
Takeaways
Related procedures & Costs
How it works
What to expect
Benefits
Payment
Surgery Time - 3
hours
Stay in the country -
7
days
Rehabilitation - 14
days
Anesthesia -
General anesthesia
Verified patient reviews -
21
Requests processed - 110449
Bookimed fees - $0
Types of Breast lift
- Breast reduction - from $3237
The operation reduces large breasts, enhancing comfort and body proportions. It involves removing excess tissue and reshaping.
- Breast Implants with Breast Lift - from $4702
The procedure involves enhancing breast size and fighting sagging, by inserting implants and lifting tissue.
How to find best offer with Bookimed?
Discover options on the website: deals, clinics, and doctors.
Select your favorites.
Share photos or describe your issue.
Send a request.
Receive free offers for your needs with prices and details.
Compare and finalize your choice.
Book your clinic visit.
Pay at the clinic. Bookimed fees are $0 for you.
From start to finish, the Bookimed coordinator keeps you safe and comfortable during your medical journey.
💚Your benefits with Bookimed
100% free, non-binding assessment of your case after photos download.
Instant FREE personalized offers to make the right choice.
Expert guidance in choosing the perfect Plastic Surgery doctor and clinic.
Special packages and exclusive prices for our patients.
24/7 Bookimed guidance at no cost, guaranteed.
Hassle-free translation of your medical documents for clinics.
Multilingual staff — no language barrier with Bookimed coordinator.
Bookimed ensures transparent and secure payments. Patients pay at the clinic with no additional fees.
Available Payment Methods:
How to Secure an Appointment:
- Documents: Passport and ticket copies.
- or
- Deposit:
- Bookimed deposit: $200 or €200.
- Clinic deposit: Pay a set percentage in advance.
For more information, see our
Payment Policy
Step-by-Step Roadmap
Day 1 - Arrival
- Arrive in the country for your procedure.
- No transfer is provided, arrange your own transport.
- Check into your accommodation.
- Rest and acclimate to the new environment.
Day 2 - Consultation
- Meet with the plastic surgeon for consultation.
- Discuss your expectations and concerns.
- Language assistance will be provided if necessary.
Day 3 - Pre-Operation
- Undergo necessary medical tests.
- Prepare for the surgery as instructed by the surgeon.
- Abstain from eating and drinking as advised.
Day 4 - Surgery
- Arrive at the clinic for your surgery.
- Undergo general anesthesia for the procedure.
- The procedure may last 2 to 3 hours.
- Post surgery, move to your individual chamber for recovery.
Day 5 to Day 7 - Post-Operation
- Stay in the clinic for observation and recovery.
- Follow the surgeon"s instructions for care and medication.
- Attend follow-up appointments for wound care and review.
Week 1 to Week 6 - Rehabilitation
- Take it easy and recover at your own pace.
- Avoid strenuous activities and heavy lifting.
- Return to work after 2 weeks, depending on your job demands.
- Resume gentle exercise after 4 weeks.
- Expect to see final results after 6 weeks.
Please note that each patient"s recovery process is individual and may vary. Always follow your surgeon"s advice for the best results.
How Much Does Breast lift Cost in Czech Republic?
The average price of Breast lift in Czech Republic is $4031, the minimum price is $36.91, and the maximum price is $9510.
| Turkey | Mexico | United States of America | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Breast reduction | from $3237 | from $3500 | from $3550 |
| Breast Implants with Breast Lift | from $4438 | from $4300 | from $6525 |
| Breast lift | from $3400 | from $5599 | from $7200 |
| The total cost is calculated individually. It may range depending on your medical issue, doctor's qualification, procedure complexity and related complications (if they occur). You’ll get the exact price for a plastic surgery procedure after a consultation with a doctor. | |||
Below average
Above average
Discover the Hottest Breast lift Packages of the Season
Tap to see more about package
Turkey,
Istanbul
Tap to see more about package
Turkey,
Istanbul
Tap to see more about package
Turkey,
Istanbul
Tap to see more about package
Turkey,
Istanbul
Tap to see more about package
Northern Cyprus ,
Nicosia
Tap to see more about package
Turkey,
Istanbul
Tap to see more about package
Turkey,
Istanbul
Tap to see more about package
Turkey,
İzmir
Tap to see more about package
Turkey,
Istanbul
Tap to see more about package
Turkey,
Istanbul
Tap to see more about package
Northern Cyprus ,
Nicosia
Tap to see more about package
Turkey,
Istanbul
Tap to see more about package
Turkey,
Istanbul
Tap to see more about package
Turkey,
Istanbul
Tap to see more about package
Turkey,
Istanbul
Tap to see more about package
Turkey,
Istanbul
Tap to see more about package
Turkey,
Istanbul
Tap to see more about package
Turkey,
Istanbul
Discover the Best Breast lift Clinics in Czech Republic: 7 Verified Options and Prices
Check the hospital ranking based on requests and 21 reviews to pick the right Breast lift clinic for you.
Highest-Rated Clinic for Breast lift
Czech Republic,
Horovice
doctor
Patrik Richtr
Plastic surgeon
25 years of experience
Horovice Hospital is a private multi-specialty medical center located in Horovice, Czech Republic. The team is dedicated to aesthetic medicine, cosmetology, and plastic surgery. Horovice Hospital serves both adults and children. Patients from Europe, Arab League States , the USA, and Canada visit the clinic most often.
Read more details
Anonymous
• Nov 3, 2021
From pickup to drop off, it was all so easy. Denisa, my surgery coordinator was so sweet and made me really feel at ease. The doctor was also funny yet professional. I was having labiaplasty so it was nice to smile through it all. Also my recovery was really simple. I had minor pain for maybe 1 day and then I was really moving around fine. Plus, I knew I could call on Denisa if I had any problems. I really appreciated that since I was traveling alone for my surgery. Overall, great service and pleased with my results.
Prices:
| Consultation with creation of treatment plan | $230 - $300 |
| Plastic Surgery Consultation | $250 - $300 |
| Breast lift | $5500 |
Clinic
Prices
Doctors
Reviews
Czech Republic,
Prague
Beroun Rehabilitation Hospital is a newly constructed, state-of-the-art facility in Beroun, Czech Republic. Conveniently located, it is only a 20-minute drive from Prague International Airport.
The rehabilitation center stands out for its hotel-quality accommodation, extensive range of procedures, comprehensive medical specializations under one roof, daily treatment, personal coordinators, diverse meal options, and private transportation services.
Read more details
accreditations:
Petar
• Jan 15, 2023
I was very satisfy with your reaction , asa well as reaction of Miss. Aneta Obtulovičova from Altoa Cz.
Thank you and ,
Kind regards,
Petar Martinovic
Prices:
| Consultation with creation of treatment plan | $230 - $300 |
Clinic
Prices
Reviews
Czech Republic,
Prague
My Clinic is a private multi-specialty medical center in Prague, Czech Republic. The team is dedicated to plastic surgery, aesthetic and reconstructive corrections, longevity health, anti-aging , weight loss programs and other medical services. My Clinic serves only adults. 40000 patients choose My Clinic to get medical care every year. Patients from Europe & Commonwealth, Arab League States, USA, Canada, and Australia visit the clinic most often.
Read more details
accreditations:
Price
upon request
Clinic
Prices
We're rated “Excellent” on TrustPilot
At Bookimed, we put your health first with safe and easy solutions. Our quality care is proven by excellent reviews from patients.
Czech Republic,
Prague
Anonymous
• Aug 4, 2022
I came from Germany, the operation was successful on 07/28/22, blepharoplasty of the upper eyelids, the wonderful surgeon Antreas Heimaris operated, he has golden hands, the clinic is all at the highest level, I can appreciate it because I myself am a nurse, all the medical staff are very friendly, separate thanks to Maria Coordinator for her help, I advise everyone to this European-style wonderful clinic, I was very pleased with the result!
Prices:
| Plastic Surgery Consultation | $31.63 - $42.18 |
| Complete blood count | $84.36 - $253.07 |
| Breast lift | $2699.43 - $2868.14 |
Show more
Clinic
Prices
Reviews
Czech Republic,
Prague
Premier Clinic, one of the most modern and technologically advanced plastic surgery clinics in the Czech Republic. Our team of doctors, led by sought-after plastic surgeon Dr. Lucie Zárubová, is dedicated to providing the best results for our clients. With a focus on safety and quality, our clinic offers a wide range of procedures, including tattoo removal, breast implants, anal bleaching, and more. Our synchronized and precise team ensures that each procedure is performed without complications and with the best result. Trust your care to the Premier Clinic and experience our premium services.
Read more details
Price
upon request
Clinic
7 Before & after photos
Browse Breast lift before & after photos shared by doctors from different clinics.
Sensitive content
Show
Czech Republic,
Prague
In Praga Medica, the focus of our attention is you. There is no greater satisfaction than designing, creating and sharing smiles. Choosing your dentist is one of the most important decisions you can make about your health. We aim to provide dental treatments of the highest standards. It is about a relationship built on trust.
Our friendly specialists are here to plan your dental treatment abroad, helping you to select the best procedure and supporting you along the way. Let us impress you.
We provide a wide range of dental treatments: dental implants, crowns, veneers, and complementary procedures. Not sure which treatment is the best for you?
Read more details
Price
upon request
Clinic
Czech Republic,
Prague
Breast lift in the Plastic Surgery Prague clinic
If you are considering a breast lift procedure, the Plastic Surgery Prague clinic is an excellent choice. With a team of highly skilled and experienced surgeons, the clinic is dedicated to providing the highest quality care and achieving beautiful, natural-looking results.
The clinic offers a range of breast lift techniques, tailored to each individual patient's needs and goals. Whether you are looking to correct sagging breasts, improve breast shape and position, or restore lost volume, the Plastic Surgery Prague clinic can help.
What sets the clinic apart is their commitment to patient satisfaction. The surgeons take the time to listen to their patients' concerns and goals, ensuring that the treatment plan is personalized and tailored to each individual. This attention to detail and patient-centered approach allows for optimal results and a high level of patient satisfaction.
In addition to their expertise in breast lift procedures, the clinic also offers various other cosmetic and reconstructive surgeries. This comprehensive range of services allows patients to address multiple concerns in one location, with the assurance of exceptional care and results.
Overall, the Plastic Surgery Prague clinic is renowned for its excellence in breast lift procedures and commitment to patient satisfaction. With a team of experienced surgeons and a patient-centered approach, the clinic provides top-quality care and achieves beautiful, natural-looking results.
Benefits of the clinic:
- Highly skilled and experienced surgeons
- Personalized and tailored treatment plans
- Comprehensive range of cosmetic and reconstructive surgeries
- Commitment to patient satisfaction and achieving natural-looking results
Read more details
Price
upon request
Clinic
Your Medical Travel Guide: Essential Tips and Advice
question
explanation
How many days do I need to stay in Czech Republic?
7 days
Get a Medical Assessment for Breast lift in Czech Republic: Select Your Expert from 12 Experienced Doctors
Altoa | Czech Hospital of Horovice
WORK EXPERIENCE AT THE HOROVICE HOSPITAL
THE HEAD OF PLASTIC AND AESTHETIC SURGERY – 2019-present
PREVIOUS WORK EXPERIENCE
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, Second faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol Faculty Hospital, Prague 2018–2019
CONSULTANT, Plastic Surgery Department, Surgical Clinic of the 2nd Medical Faculty of the Charles University and Motol Faculty Hospital 2018–2019
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, Plzeň Medical Faculty, Charles University 2017–2018
SECONDARY DOCTOR, Plastic Surgery Department, Faculty Hospital Plzeň 2006–2018
SECONDARY DOCTOR, Neurosurgery Department, Faculty Hospital Plzeň 1999–2006
HIGHEST LEVEL OF EDUCATION ATTAINED
Plzeň Medical Faculty, Charles University in Prague (General Medicine) – 1999
POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION, INCLUDING CERTIFIED COURSES
Plastic Surgery, 2nd level Specialist Certification – 2010
Surgery, 1st level Specialist Certification – 2002
Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery Department, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno
Plastic Surgery Department, Královské Vinohrady Faculty Hospital, Prague
Plastic Surgery Department, Na Bulovce Faculty Hospital, Prague
Aesthetic Surgery Course in Madrid: Hospital Universitario Quirón, Breast Augmentation, prof. Dr. Jose Luis Martin del Yerro
Division of Reconstructive Microsurgery, Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery at the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan, prof. Dr. Fu Chan Wei
Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Division of Anatomy, Anatomical Surgical Training. Rejuvenating the Face, prof. Dr. Mario Pelle Ceravolo, prof. Dr. Giovanni Botti
SCIENTIFIC PROJECT
Grant Agency: Internal Grant Agency of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic
Project Name: Experimentální model ischemicko-reperfúzního poškození laloku musculus latissimus dorsi prasete domácího (Experimental model of ischemic-reperfusion damage of the musculus latissimus dorsi lobe on a domestic pig)
Read more
Breast lift
$5500
Altos Clinic
Specialisation:
Plastic surgery
Education:
Faculty of Medicine (Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic)
1st degree postgraduate certification in surgery
2nd degree postgraduate certification in plastic surgery
The Candidate of Sciences degree
Legal expert in Healthcare - Surgery
Certificates and completed courses
License for medical practice in surgery and plastic surgery from Czech Medical Chamber
Diploma in lifelong learning from Czech Medical Chamber
License for head doctor position in healthcare institutions specialising in plastic surgery from Czech Medical Chamber
Practice:
Head Doctor in private clinics Lékařský dům Praha 7, Iscare, MEDICOM, GHC, Esthesia
Head Doctor of Surgical Department in health centre, Prague-Podoli
Plastic Surgery Consultant for city district Prague 4
Expert Assistant in plastic surgery clinic, University Hospital in Prague-Vinohrady
Assisting doctor – surgical clinic, University Hospital in Prague-Vinohrady
External collaborator with CLT Teplice, GiSant Karlovy Vary, town hospital of Nymburk, GRAND Clinic
Internships and seminars:
St. Petersburg, London, Rotterdam, Vienna, Valkenburg, New York, San Francisco, Palo Alto, San Diego
Trainings and publishing activities:
Author and co-author of 45 scientific lectures and publications in Czech, Russian and English.
Author of hundreds of educational articles and written contributions to various magazines, TV and radio programs worldwide.
Memberships:
Czech Medical Chamber (CMC)
Society of Plastic Surgery of CMC
Society of Aesthetic Surgery
European Laser Association
EACS – European Academy of Cosmetic Surgery
IPRAS – International Confederation of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery
IMCAS – International Master Course of Aging Skin
Read more
ABClinic Art & Beauty
Otakar Lucák has almost 30 years of experience in the field of plastic and aesthetic surgery. He has been engaged in cancer surgery, surgery of congenital anomalies, congenital limb defects, burns treatment, treatment for post-traumatic conditions and deformities.From the whole range of plastic surgery, doctor is most interested in aesthetic surgeries and procedures.
Read more
Breast lift
$2699.43 -
$2868.14
Related Articles
Updated: 10/14/2023
The content accuracy and quality have been checked by Bookimed Medical Advisory Board
This page may feature information relating to various medical conditions, treatments, and healthcare services available in different countries. Please be advised that the content is provided for informational purposes only and should not be construed as medical advice or guidance. Please consult with your doctor or a qualified medical professional before starting or changing medical treatment.
21 Recent Breast lift Reviews in Czech Republic: Check Real Patient Experience
All reviews are checked by Bookimed team to ensure they are real. Clinics or doctors cannot add, edit, or delete reviews.
Bookimed editorial policy
Bookimed, a leading global medical tourism platform, is committed to helping clients looking for Breast lift by offering expert assistance and trustworthy medical solutions for every situation. Smart automatic ranking system is used to compose transparent clinic listings, meticulously maintained by a data scientist using AI for accuracy. The platform guarantees authenticity by publishing reviews from real patients after their treatments. Bookimed offers comprehensive medical solutions, with updates from clinics to ensure trustworthiness. The content about Breast lift, crafted by experienced medical authors and reviewed by specialists, adheres to Bookimed"s Editorial Guidelines, reflecting the platform"s commitment to delivering high-quality and clear health information. For more details or inquiries, feel free to contact us at marketing@bookimed.com or learn more about us and our mission here.
Bookimed CEO Quality Assurance