Алмазбек • Phalloplasty Kyrgyzstan Apr 30, 2024
Very much enjoyed it, professional
Very much enjoyed it, professional
Professional staff
Phalloplasty Turkey
Last updated: 8/16/2024
Phalloplasty in Turkey: Our Best Clinics and Costs 2025
16 Recent Phalloplasty Reviews in Turkey: Check Real Patient Experience
Евгений • Penis enlargement United Kingdom Aug 7, 2023
The surgery went well and it was worth it! I recommend!
Everything was super, professional doctors and the staff in general are very friendly and caring. I especially want to thank my personal manager Yasmin, who took care of everything and helped me with any issues at any time and who supervised me throughout the whole process and after it. The surgery went well and it was worth it! I recommend!
About Bookimed service
Thank you for your help and support, everything was great! Team of professionals!Anonymous • Penis enlargement United Kingdom Dec 16, 2023
Complaint Regarding Poor Quality of Treatment and Unacceptable Experience
I am writing to express my deep dissatisfaction with the quality of treatment and overall experience I received at Istanbul Aesthetics. My recent visit to your establishment has left me greatly disappointed and concerned for the well-being of future patients.
First and foremost, the dental treatment I received was of extremely poor quality. The teeth that were fitted are disproportionately large, causing discomfort and difficulty in daily activities such as eating and speaking. Furthermore, these teeth have come loose, posing a serious risk to my health and safety. I have even experienced the alarming situation of choking on one of my own teeth.
In addition to the dental issues, I must address the lack of regard for health and safety protocols at your establishment. Not only was I subjected to the distressing experience of choking on my teeth, but I also endured being poked in the eye during the course of treatment. This blatant disregard for basic safety measures is completely unacceptable and puts patients at serious risk of harm.
Moreover, I was appalled by the overall cleanliness and hygiene standards of your establishment. The facility was disgustingly maintained, raising serious concerns about sanitation and infection control.
Furthermore, the customer relations I encountered were abysmal. I felt as though I was being held to ransom, forced to pay exorbitant fees for substandard treatment, as well as unexpected additional costs such as hotel expenses. This unprofessional behavior only added to the distress of an already unpleasant experience.
I urge you to take immediate action to address these issues and prevent similar incidents from occurring in the future. Patients deserve to receive quality care in a safe and respectful environment, and it is clear that Istanbul Aesthetics has failed to meet these fundamental standards.
I expect a prompt response outlining the steps you will take to rectify these concerns and ensure the well-being of your patients moving forward.
Nothing
Unfortunately, I was disappointed with the treatment I received, as well as the overall conduct of your team during my visit. Additionally, the product provided did not meet my expectations. The quality of work did not match the price I paid, and what was agreed from the start. All the work carried out was to a bad quality and bad workmanship.
About Bookimed service
Complaint Regarding Poor Quality of Treatment and Unacceptable Experience
I am writing to express my deep dissatisfaction with the quality of treatment and overall experience I received at Istanbul Aesthetics. My recent visit to your establishment has left me greatly disappointed and concerned for the well-being of future patients.
First and foremost, the dental treatment I received was of extremely poor quality. The teeth that were fitted are disproportionately large, causing discomfort and difficulty in daily activities such as eating and speaking. Furthermore, these teeth have come loose, posing a serious risk to my health and safety. I have even experienced the alarming situation of choking on one of my own teeth.
In addition to the dental issues, I must address the lack of regard for health and safety protocols at your establishment. Not only was I subjected to the distressing experience of choking on my teeth, but I also endured being poked in the eye during the course of treatment. This blatant disregard for basic safety measures is completely unacceptable and puts patients at serious risk of harm.
Moreover, I was appalled by the overall cleanliness and hygiene standards of your establishment. The facility was disgustingly maintained, raising serious concerns about sanitation and infection control.
Furthermore, the customer relations I encountered were abysmal. I felt as though I was being held to ransom, forced to pay exorbitant fees for substandard treatment, as well as unexpected additional costs such as hotel expenses. This unprofessional behavior only added to the distress of an already unpleasant experience.
I urge you to take immediate action to address these issues and prevent similar incidents from occurring in the future. Patients deserve to receive quality care in a safe and respectful environment, and it is clear that Istanbul Aesthetics has failed to meet these fundamental standards.
I expect a prompt response outlining the steps you will take to rectify these concerns and ensure the well-being of your patients moving forward.Anonymous • Penis enlargement Ukraine Feb 10, 2025
Anonymous • Penis enlargement Iceland Mar 7, 2023
I had the Penis Enlargement surgery.
After reading the information on Bookimed I was excited to know It would enlarge the penis by 1-3 INCHES. (3-9 centimeters)
And add 2,5 Inches in girth. (5cm)
However, when I arrive and finished paying I meet my doctor and I am then told It will only increase "visually" but not actually increase at all. Only look like It is bigger. Only a little girth increase.
Now,2 weeks after the surgy I have infection in the penis, my foreskin does not move. My penis is mutilated and the cuts were not stitched properly and I have an open hole in my penis with stuff leaking out.
All of the girth added has disappeared and It looks like I will have to cut off the entire penis so I won't die from infection.
About Bookimed service
Viktoria was very helpful, but misinforming.
When I asked her how much size It would add she said around 3+ centimeters.
But my penis did not increase in size, and now It is mutilated and infected and I have to cut it off.Anonymous • Penis enlargement Bahrain May 6, 2024
A great experience overall
It was a great support, Ege, the interpreter was on point with referrrled advise, the doctor's expertise was reassuring
A great experience overall
Post OP assistance
Hard to get a taxi from clinic to hotel
Jacob Gilles van Praag • Penis enlargement Netherlands Oct 14, 2023
I had a 10* experience and highly recommend your clinic, I will be back next year!, thank you so much for everything!!!, Super Service, Quality and Experience!
I had a 10* experience and highly recommend your clinic, I will be back next year!, thank you so much for everything!!!, Super Service, Quality and Experience!
Anonymous • Penis enlargement Poland Jan 20, 2024
What I liked most was the help of coordinator Ekaterina with bookimed
What I liked most was the help of coordinator Ekaterina with bookimed.
About Bookimed service
Coordinator Ekaterina 10/12. Constant help and quick answers to your questionsAnonymous • Penis enlargement Ireland Feb 25, 2024
I am not satisfied with the operation performed. I don't recommend it. Look for another clinic.
Efficiency and frequency of the clinic
Postoperative examinations and patient care
About Bookimed service
The result was deplorable, the stitches came apart and I had to go to my hospital upon arrival.Anonymous • Penis enlargement Oman Jul 24, 2024
Phalloplasty Overview in Turkey
Takeaways
Related procedures & Costs
How it works
What to expect
Pros & Cons
Benefits
Payment
patients recommend -
92%
Surgery Time - 1
hour
Stay in the country -
8
days
Rehabilitation - 14
days
Anesthesia -
General anesthesia
Verified patient reviews -
16
Requests processed - 110449
Bookimed fees - $0
Types of Penis enlargement
- Penis enlargement - from $3321
The operation enhances male genital size and shape, involving surgical or non-invasive techniques.
-
The procedure corrects bent penises. It straightens manhood, easing discomfort during sex, boosting confidence, and overall sexual experience.
- Penile implant surgery - from $6509
This therapy corrects erectile dysfunction using implants, enhancing sexual function with a high success rate and patient satisfaction.
- Scrotoplasty - from $1641
The operation tightens loose scrotal skin, improving comfort and aesthetics. It is a minor, often outpatient surgery.
- Penis botox - from $1000
The procedure involves injecting botulinum toxin to enhance erection quality, reduce premature ejaculation, and increase size.
- HapPenis penoplasty - from $3581
Male organ size enhancement with safe surgical interventions to improve self-confidence and sexual satisfaction.
- Penis filler - from $2000
This treatment enhances penis girth using hyaluronic acid injections, a non-surgical procedure with quick recovery times.
How to find best offer with Bookimed?
Discover options on the website: deals, clinics, and doctors.
Select your favorites.
Share photos or describe your issue.
Send a request.
Receive free offers for your needs with prices and details.
Compare and finalize your choice.
Book your clinic visit.
Pay at the clinic. Bookimed fees are $0 for you.
From start to finish, the Bookimed coordinator keeps you safe and comfortable during your medical journey.
💚Your benefits with Bookimed
100% free, non-binding assessment of your case after photos download.
Instant FREE personalized offers to make the right choice.
Expert guidance in choosing the perfect Plastic Surgery doctor and clinic.
Special packages and exclusive prices for our patients.
24/7 Bookimed guidance at no cost, guaranteed.
Hassle-free translation of your medical documents for clinics.
Multilingual staff — no language barrier with Bookimed coordinator.
Bookimed ensures transparent and secure payments. Patients pay at the clinic with no additional fees.
Available Payment Methods:
How to Secure an Appointment:
- Documents: Passport and ticket copies.
- or
- Deposit:
- Bookimed deposit: $200 or €200.
- Clinic deposit: Pay a set percentage in advance.
For more information, see our
Payment Policy
Step-by-Step Roadmap
Day 1: Arrival
- Arrive at the hospital.
- Complete necessary paperwork.
- Meet with medical team.
Day 2-3: Pre-Operation
- Consult with a urologist and plastic surgeon.
- Undergo necessary medical tests.
- Receive information about phalloplasty procedure.
Day 4: Phalloplasty
- Undergo pre-operative preparation.
- Receive general anesthesia.
- Undergo phalloplasty, typically 6-8 hours.
- Receive post-operative care.
Day 5-10: Post-Operation
- Stay in the hospital for close monitoring.
- Manage pain with prescribed medication.
- Start light physical activities as advised.
Week 2-6: Rehabilitation
- Continue with gentle exercises.
- Attend follow-up appointments.
- Manage pain and swelling.
Week 7-12: Rehabilitation Continued
- Gradually return to work.
- Resume non-strenuous activities.
- Continue with follow-up appointments.
Week 13 onwards
- Resume all normal activities.
- See the final result of phalloplasty.
Please note that every individual"s recovery is unique and the timeline may vary based on the patient"s overall health and the complexity of the surgery.
What patients like:
- Cost. The Phalloplasty cost in Turkey ranges from $100 to $10000. This is significantly cheaper compared to $20000 to $30000 in the US or Europe.
- Doctor’s professionalism. Patients enjoy the high level of professionalism. Doctors possess internationally recognized certificates, memberships in professional organizations, and extensive experience.
- Service level. Turkish clinics offer comprehensive care packages. These include airport pickups, accommodation, consultations, post-operative care, and even health insurance for a month.
- Phalloplasty efficacy. Modern techniques are used in Turkey, leading to highly effective outcomes.
- Logistics. Arrangements for airport transfers and accommodation are provided, making the process smoother for patients.
What patients don’t like:
- Preparation requirements. Patients don't like strict pre-operative guidelines such as stopping medication, smoking, and alcohol two weeks before the surgery.
- Payment methods. Some clinics do not accept 500 EUR banknotes, which can be inconvenient.
- Waiting time. Patients have to arrive a day before the surgery for preparations, which might be seen as time-consuming.
How Much Does Phalloplasty Cost in Turkey?
The average price of Phalloplasty in Turkey is $2646, the minimum price is $100, and the maximum price is $10000.
| Turkey | Mexico | United States of America | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phalloplasty | from $548 | from $8950 | from $22000 |
| The total cost is calculated individually. It may range depending on your medical issue, doctor's qualification, procedure complexity and related complications (if they occur). You’ll get the exact price for a plastic surgery procedure after a consultation with a doctor. | |||
Below average
Above average
Discover the Best Phalloplasty Clinics in Turkey: 60 Verified Options and Prices
Check the hospital ranking based on requests and 16 reviews to pick the right Phalloplasty clinic for you.
Turkey,
Istanbul
- The clinic is recognized for its expertise in phalloplasty, with a high success rate in surgeries.
- Patients can choose from different methods available for phalloplasty, ensuring personalized treatment.
- Comprehensive aftercare services are provided to ensure a smooth recovery post-phalloplasty.
- Located conveniently 20 km from Istanbul Atatürk Airport, ensuring easy access for international patients.
- Over 4,000 international patients have chosen the clinic, indicating trust in its services.
Read more details
Anonymous
• Feb 25, 2025
I liked the cleanliness of the clinic and the medical staff, the girls are very helpful and attentive. The food is also good. I especially liked the interpreter Varvara. I am grateful to everyone for their help and support. The doctor is also good, I recommend him to everyone.
Prices:
| Plastic Surgery Consultation | $9299 |
Clinic
Prices
Reviews
Turkey,
Istanbul
- Ranked among top clinics in Turkey for phalloplasty by Turkish Medical Association.
- Offers various phalloplasty techniques, including flap and prosthetic options.
- Over 30 years of experience in phalloplasty procedures.
- Comprehensive post-operative care and attention for phalloplasty patients.
- Annually serves 50 patients, focusing on personalized phalloplasty treatments.
Read more details
accreditations:
Anonymous
• Feb 24, 2025
It is an excellent team with high competence and efficient problem solving, I had an excellent feeling and the trust in the doctors was always confirmed, I was completely cared for and I am grateful for this opportunity
Prices:
| Phalloplasty | $8752 |
Clinic
Prices
Reviews
Turkey,
Istanbul
- Recognized by the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ISAPS) for excellence in aesthetic procedures.
- Offers comprehensive phalloplasty services, including pre-op consultations and post-op care for optimal patient outcomes.
- Welcomes patients globally, including from Europe, the USA, and Australia, ensuring diverse experience.
- Provides round-the-clock nursing care post-surgery, ensuring patient comfort and safety.
- Assists with accommodation and translation services, ensuring a hassle-free experience for international patients.
Read more details
accreditations:
Olga Eremenko
• Feb 1, 2025
I have never regretted choosing this clinic. I am grateful for the support of Ekaterina from Bookimed in the process of making a decision and choosing a clinic, I am very grateful to Ali for her support in communicating with the attending doctor and medical staff, I am grateful to the nursing girls. It is still too early to talk about the final result, but we can already say thank you to everyone!
Sincerely, Olga
Prices:
| Mammography | $5500 |
| Plastic Surgery Consultation | $2400 |
Clinic
Prices
Reviews
We're rated “Excellent” on TrustPilot
At Bookimed, we put your health first with safe and easy solutions. Our quality care is proven by excellent reviews from patients.
Turkey,
Istanbul
Estetik International - Istanbul is a private multi-specialty medical center located in Istanbul, Turkey. The team is dedicated to dental treatment, surgery, plastic surgery, aesthetic medicine, and cosmetology. Estetik International - Istanbul serves only adults. 4720 patients choose Estetik International - Istanbul to get medical care every year. Patients from Europe & Commonwealth, the USA, Canada, Australia, and Others visit the clinic most often.
Read more details
accreditations:
+2
Алмазбек
• Apr 30, 2024
Very much enjoyed it, professional
Price
upon request
Clinic
Prices
Reviews
Turkey,
Istanbul
- Pioneer in phalloplasty, Hisar Intercontinental Hospital attracts 250,000 patients annually, showcasing its global recognition.
- Dr. Hasan Sahin, with over 12,000 surgeries, excels in complex reconstructive plastic surgery.
- Offering comprehensive phalloplasty, the hospital ensures patient safety with the PYXIS medication system.
- International patients benefit from services like airport transfer, language assistance, and accommodation.
- Located in Istanbul, the hospital is conveniently near the Bosphorus and the international airport.
Read more details
accreditations:
+2
GYULLI BAYRAMOWAGůlli
• Jul 22, 2024
I am very grateful to the management of Bookimed and my doctor-coordinator Karina for her help and support. Karina was always in touch, trying to find the best solution for the patient. She is a very decent and responsible person. I wish there were more people like her. I am very glad to have met her. I wish the company further prosperity and great success. Always be at the top, you deserve it.
Prices:
| Consultation with a maxillofacial surgeon | $500 |
| Complete blood count | $50 - $100 |
Clinic
Prices
Reviews
2 Before & after photos
Browse Phalloplasty before & after photos shared by doctors from different clinics.
Turkey,
Istanbul
- Certified by TÜV NORD CERT for quality management according to DIN EN ISO 9001 standards.
- Offers comprehensive phalloplasty options, ensuring tailored solutions for individual patient needs.
- Provides inclusive care, including airport pick-up, surgery, and follow-up services for international patients.
- Renowned for a well-coordinated team ensuring patient comfort and satisfaction throughout the treatment process.
- Frequently chosen by patients from the CIS, Africa, and Arab League States for its expertise.
Read more details
accreditations:
Sean
• Jan 28, 2025
I was nervous travelling to a different country where I don’t know the language for this operation. Also this surgeon and hospital was about 20% cheaper than other offers and I hoped that wouldn’t be reflected in the quality of care. I shouldn’t have worried! I felt taken care of the whole time. They went above and beyond to make sure I was Ok. Ismael my co-ordinator and translator was lovely and professional. The doctor did an amazing job with my nose and I am so happy with the results. I can 100% recommend this clinic and surgeon.
Prices:
| Plastic Surgery Consultation | $4376 |
| Complete blood count | $109 - $219 |
Clinic
Prices
Reviews
Turkey,
Istanbul
- Accredited by the International Organization for Standardization, ensuring high standards in phalloplasty procedures.
- 10,000 patients annually trust Uroaesthetic, highlighting its popularity and reliability for phalloplasty.
- Offers penis lengthening and thickening surgeries using self-developed techniques with a high success rate.
- Serves a diverse international clientele from Europe, the Commonwealth, Arab League states, and Asia.
- Recognized by the European Board of Urology, confirming expertise in urological surgeries, including phalloplasty.
Read more details
accreditations:
+2
Prices:
| Phalloplasty | $10000 - $15000 |
Clinic
Prices
Reviews
Most Popular Clinic for Phalloplasty
Turkey,
Istanbul
- Accredited by JCI, ensuring high-quality treatment standards and procedures for phalloplasty patients.
- Specializes in a variety of surgical techniques for phalloplasty, tailored to patient needs.
- Offers comprehensive support for international patients, including language assistance and transfer services.
- Provides comfortable accommodation options, including a 5-star hotel within the hospital premises.
- Located in Istanbul's city center, easily accessible from Istanbul Ataturk International Airport.
Read more details
accreditations:
Азиз
• Jan 19, 2025
I liked the systematic approach to work in the clinic, the attitude of the doctor, interpreters, nurses, organisation of meals and accuracy in repeat appointments, organisation of airport transfers, etc.
Prices:
| Consultation with creation of treatment plan | $193 |
| Mammography | $470 |
Clinic
Prices
Reviews
Highest-Rated Clinic for Phalloplasty
Turkey,
Istanbul
- Achieved a 98.5% success rate in complex surgeries, demonstrating expertise in phalloplasty procedures.
- Offers various methods like tissue expansion and free flap transfer for phalloplasty.
- More than 4,500 international patients choose this clinic annually for quality care.
- Dr. Prof Dr Baris Nurogluu, a member of the American Urological Association, leads the phalloplasty team.
- Located in Istanbul, the clinic provides comprehensive support, ensuring a smooth experience for patients.
Read more details
Mila
• Jan 23, 2025
Excellent medical staff. Very positive and friendly attitude to patients. Kudos to the surgeon for his jewellery work. The only thing I would like to improve is the communication between the interpreters, which would improve the organisation in some issues. It is too early to say about the final result, but two thirds of the face lift, neck platysmaplasty, temporal lift, lower laser eye resurfacing and not a single bruise, it is impressive!
Prices:
| Plastic Surgery Consultation | $13117 |
| Mammography | $16071 |
Clinic
Prices
Reviews
Turkey,
Antalya
- Clinics United, accredited by the International Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, excels in phalloplasty care.
- Over 3,000 surgeries performed, ensuring experience and proficiency in handling phalloplasty procedures.
- Board-certified surgeons with international recognition provide safe and individualized phalloplasty care.
- Comprehensive packages include pre-op tests, hotel stays, VIP transfers, and post-op care.
- Located in Antalya, patients enjoy Mediterranean coast luxury and top-notch medical care.
Read more details
accreditations:
+2
Natalya Yevu
• Sep 9, 2023
I had a Rhinoplasty done. Everything went on well. Starting from a driver picking up from the airport. Communication throughout between representative and myself was without any delays. Representative was able to give/find the answers within appropriate time frame. The surgeon was very friendly and was happy to answer all of he questions. The hospital was clean. Hospital staff were friendly and always had smile on their faces. Hotel was acceptable. Breakfast at the hotel was lovely. Some of the mail staff would benefit from being a little more friendly. In general had a great experience.
Price
upon request
Clinic
Reviews
Your Medical Travel Guide: Essential Tips and Advice
question
explanation
How many days do I need to stay in Turkey?
8 days
Our Trusted Doctors
Hisar Hospital Intercontinental
Dr. Hasan Şahin, M.D. who was graduated from School of Medicine, GATA, completed his residency training in School of Medicine, İzmir Dokuz Eylül UniversityHe provided service in the aesthetic plastic reconstructive surgery field for patients from various countries of Europe and the world and performed over 12,000 aesthetic surgeries for over 5,000 patients until now.He performs body reconstructive and medical aesthetic treatments that include craniofacial surgery, hand surgery, and microsurgical procedures, rhinoplasty, breast aesthetics, and abdominoplasty.FIELDS OF MEDICAL INTERESTPrimary aesthetic and complex restorative plastic surgery.Aesthetic procedures of the face, brow, eyes, and neck.Aesthetic and functional procedures of the nose.Aesthetic procedures of the breast including enhancement, lifting, reduction, and reconstruction.Aesthetic procedures and contouring of the body.Consultative services for complex reconstructive primary or secondary procedures.Top Procedures:Face:Brow LiftBlepharoplastyNeck LiftChin AugmentationOtoplastyFace Lift Nose:Primary RhinoplastyReconstructive RhinoplastyRevision RhinoplastyBreast:Breast AugmentationBreast Augmentation with LiftBreast ImplantBreast LiftBreast Reconstruction RevisionBreast ReductionGynecomastiaNipple ProceduresBody:Tummy TuckLiposuctionMommy MakeoverBody ShapingThigh LiftArm LiftGenital AestheticsScientific Studies:Microsurgical Vascular Nerve RepairFlap SurgeryOtoplasty for Prominent Ear and Versatile Ear SurgeryNon-Surgical FaceliftSaddle Nose Rhinoplasty SurgeryCertificates:2011 Flap Dissection Studies, Istanbul, Turkey2011 Wound Healing and Care Congress, Antalya, Turkey2012 International Microsurgery Courses,Antalya Turkey2013 International Microsurgery Courses, Antalya Turkey2015 Turkish Society of Plastics Surgeons(Facial Aesthetics and Rhinoplasty ), İstanbul, Turkey
Read more
CE International Hospital
Op. Dr. Atilla H.Plastic SurgeonEducationSpecialty Training2010 - 2016Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic SurgeryUndergraduate Education1989 - 1995Uludağ University Faculty of MedicineExperience2020 -ClinicExpert - Plastic Surgery SpecialistBiographyBorn in Cyprus, Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgeon, Op. Dr. Atilla H. worked at Medical Park Bahçelievler Hospital for 3 years. He graduated from Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine in 1995 and completed his specialization at Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital in 2001. He worked at Ankara Bayındır Hospital for 2 years and at İskenderun State Hospital for 14 years.Certificates2021 - Thread Lift - Face Lift Certificates (Belgium)
Read more
Updated: 2/10/2025
The content accuracy and quality have been checked by Bookimed Medical Advisory Board
This page may feature information relating to various medical conditions, treatments, and healthcare services available in different countries. Please be advised that the content is provided for informational purposes only and should not be construed as medical advice or guidance. Please consult with your doctor or a qualified medical professional before starting or changing medical treatment.
16 Recent Phalloplasty Reviews in Turkey: Check Real Patient Experience
All reviews are checked by Bookimed team to ensure they are real. Clinics or doctors cannot add, edit, or delete reviews.
Bookimed editorial policy
Bookimed, a leading global medical tourism platform, is committed to helping clients looking for Phalloplasty by offering expert assistance and trustworthy medical solutions for every situation. Smart automatic ranking system is used to compose transparent clinic listings, meticulously maintained by a data scientist using AI for accuracy. The platform guarantees authenticity by publishing reviews from real patients after their treatments. Bookimed offers comprehensive medical solutions, with updates from clinics to ensure trustworthiness. The content about Phalloplasty, crafted by experienced medical authors and reviewed by specialists, adheres to Bookimed"s Editorial Guidelines, reflecting the platform"s commitment to delivering high-quality and clear health information. For more details or inquiries, feel free to contact us at marketing@bookimed.com or learn more about us and our mission here.
Bookimed CEO Quality Assurance