Best Breast Capsulectomy plastic surgeons in Turkey: TOP 36 doctors

Dr. Leyla Arvas is a Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery specialist who has studied microsurgery and laser treatments in Taiwan, Tokyo, and Barcelona. She has performed aesthetic operations in private offices, hospitals, and clinics, specializing in Rhinoplasty, Bepharoplasty, Face Lifts, Liposuction, Breast Lift-Augmentation-Reduction, and Tummy Tuck procedures. She is experienced in VASER and LASER liposuction technologies and High Definition Liposculpturing.

Dr. Ali Nurhan Özbaba has an MD from Ankara University (1980-1988) and Gazi University (1989-1995). He has worked at Gazi University (1989), Privat Optimed Hospital (2014-2019), Private Vega Hospital (2019-2021), and Küçükçekmece Hospital (2021-2022). He is a member of The Turkish Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Association.

Dr. Ömer Faruk DEVECİ is a plastic, reconstructive and aesthetic surgeon who was born in Ankara in 1988. He completed his medical education in 2012 and became a specialist in 2018. He has since worked in various hospitals and has been in private practice since September 2020.

EDUCATION

1996 – 2000                        Junior High School and High School Education

                                               Kabataş Erkek High School, Istanbul 

2000 – 2006                        Medical Education (graduated with the degree of one of                                                  three highest ranked student)

                                               Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli 

2008 – 2013                        Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Education                                                Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Plastic,                                                              Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Clinic, Ankara

THESIS of GRADUATION 

December 2013                 “Ex Vivo Biomechanical Evaluation of Flexor Tendon                                                       Repair Using Barbed Suture Material: A Comparative                                                     Study”

ACADEMIC APPOINTMENT

01/07/2005 – 31/07/2005   Internship

                                                   Humboldt University, Helios Klinikum Emil von                                                                Behring, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and                                                        Aesthetic Surgery, Berlin 

01/08/2005 – 30/09/2005    Internship

                                                    Humboldt University, Waldkrankenhaus, Berlin                                                                 

09/ 2008 – 10/2013                 Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery                                                                    Residency

                                                    Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Plastic,                                                               Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Clinic, Ankara 

01/04/2013 – 26/04/2013     Guest Doctor

                                                    Lacomed Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic                                                               Surgery Clinic, Berlin 

01/2014 – 10/ 2014                Consultant Surgeon

                                                   Sinop Ataturk State Hospital, Plastic, Reconstructive                                                    and Aesthetic Surgery Clinic, Sinop

03/01/2016 – 06/01/2016    Consultant Surgeon in ISAPS-LEAP Volunteer Mission                                                     for Syrian Refugees

                                                    Al Maqassed Charity Hospital, Amman (Jordan)

28/09/2016 – 08/10/2016     Consultant Surgeon in International Humanitarian Aid                                                      Program

                                                     Namangan Children’s Hospital, Plastic Surgery                                                                Clinic, Ferghana Valley 

2014 – 2019                              Consultant Specialist

                                                    Health Sciences University, Cemil Tascioglu Training                                                     and Research Hospital, Plastic, Reconstructive and                                                       Aesthetic Surgery Clinic, Istanbul 

09/ 2019                                     Title of Associate Professor in Plastic,                                                                                Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery

                                                     Chair of the Higher Education Board, Ankara

2020 – 2022                               Head of Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and                                                          Aesthetic Surgery

                                                    Health Sciences University, Cemil Tascioglu Training                                                     and Research Hospital, Plastic, Reconstructive and                                                       Aesthetic Surgery Clinic, Istanbul 

2023- Attending                       

MEMBERSHIPS 

2013                                           Turkish Society of Plastic, Reconstructive and                                                                   Aesthetic Surgeons (TPRECD)

2013                                           Reconstructive Microsurgery Association (RMCD)

2014                                           Association of Emergency Hand Surgery and                                                                     Microsurgery (ACELEMDER)

HONOR AND/OR AWARDS

12/11/2015 – 14/11/2015     Second Prize,

                                                  Turkish Society of Surgery, VIII. Surgical Research                                                         Congress, IV. Contest of Invention, Konya

                                                  Project name: “Therapeutic apparatus for ingrown                                                           toenail”

14/04/2016 – 16/04/2016  Second Prize

                                                 AAEF Surgical Forum in Breast Symposium,                                                                      Barcelona (Spain) 

                                                 Presentation name: “V.A.C.™ Therapy To Manage                                                            Extensive, Large, Potentially Lethal Degloving Injuries”

SCIENTIFIC ACHIVEMENTS

• - Published more than 40 articles in international and national peer-reviewed journals
• - Presented more than 61 presentations in international and national scientific meetings
• - Wrote more than 2 book chapters nationally and internationally.

Hi, I am Serkan Sabancı. I was born in Adana and graduated from Adana Baraj High School in 1997. In the same year, I entered Çukurova Medical Faculty and started my university education. During my medical education, due to my interest in surgical branches, I spent most of my time outside of classes in the operating room of the faculty. After my medical education, I did my compulsory service in the emergency department. Although I loved saving the lives of hundreds of patients in the emergency unit and the emergency intervention and dynamism of this unit, after completing my compulsory service due to my interest in plastic surgery, I took the specialty exam and was accepted to the Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery at Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine.
In the first years of my specialist training, I attended many courses and events due to my interest in hair transplantation. In the second year of my assistantship as Serkan Sabancı, I developed my own hair transplantation technique with the vibrating Micromotor I produced and performed eyebrow and beard transplants on many patients with burnt faces, and I had the opportunity to share this technique with many of my colleagues in live surgery courses organized by the Plastic Surgery Association. During my specialty training, Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine was a regional hospital and I performed both reconstruction and aesthetic surgery operations intensively.

As Serkan Sabancı, after my specialty training, I did my compulsory service at Bilecik State Hospital, where I focused on plastic surgeries during my 2-year service period. After completing my compulsory service, I started working as a private physician in Istanbul. I am currently accepting patients in my private practice in Üsküdar, Istanbul.

Kadir Oyur is a dynamic and accomplished medical professional with a wealth of experience and expertise in the field of surgery. He completed his Postgraduate Residency in Plastic Surgery at the Belarusian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education in Minsk, Belarus, followed by another residency in General Surgery at Shupyk National Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education in Kiev, Ukraine. Prior to this, he pursued his medical education at Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa English Medical School. Throughout his career, Kadir has held various positions, including roles at Europ-Assistance Insurance Company in Turkey and Antes Aesthetic Surgery Center in Belarus. He has actively engaged in research and observational programs at prestigious institutions like Harvard University Brigham and Women’s Hospital and the University of California, Irvine. Kadir is also proficient in computer skills and speaks multiple languages fluently, including English, Turkish, Kurdish, Russian, and German. Beyond his medical endeavors, he enjoys pursuits such as playing musical instruments, sailing, and cycling. Kadir is an active member of esteemed medical societies such as The International Society of Plastic Surgery and the American Society of Plastic Surgeons. With his extensive skill set and commitment to excellence, Kadir Oyur continues to make significant contributions to the field of surgery.

Mehmet Özdemir, a Turkish national born on July 20, 1990, in Mardin, Turkey, is a dedicated and accomplished medical professional. He completed his primary education in Mardin before pursuing his secondary education at Siirt Science High School in Siirt, Turkey. Later, he studied Medicine at Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty English Division from September 2008 to August 2014. He began his residency as an Emergency Physician at Nusaybin State Hospital and continued his medical journey with various positions, including Resident Doctor at Dicle University Medical Faculty, specializing in Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery. Özdemir's extensive experience includes electiveships and fellowships at prestigious institutions such as Hannover Medical School in Germany and Cerrahpaşa University Medical Faculty in Turkey. Notably, he conducted research on novel graft techniques for rhinoplasty, earning him recognition under the supervision of Dr. Mehmet Fatih Akkoç. Özdemir further enriched his expertise through elective programs and fellowships, including a recent fellowship at the Auersvald Clinic in Curitiba, Brazil, under the guidance of Dr. Andre Auersvald. With a diverse background and a commitment to excellence, Mehmet Özdemir is a skilled Specialist Doctor in Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery based in Diyarbakır, Turkey.

DOCTORAL THESES/SUFFICIENT STUDIES SUPERVISED:

ROLES IN PROJECTS:

1. Research on Functions of Growth Inhibitory Factor-2 (ING-2) in Basal Cell Carcinoma, Gaziantep University BAP, Researcher, 2010.
2. Investigating the Efficacy of Pre-dressing Disinfectants (povidone iodine and thyme extract) and dressing applications (hypericum perforatum l. and thiocillin ointment) in a diabetic wound model in rats, Project Lead, 2015.
3. Research on the Efficacy of B-Complex Vitamins in the Treatment of Peripheral Nerve Injuries in an Experimental Model, Project Lead, 2015.

COURSES AND CERTIFICATES ATTENDED:

1. Basic Training Course for Residents. Gaziantep University, School of Medicine. GAZIANTEP 2008.
2. 4th Maxillofacial Surgery Course and Workshop, GATA, ANKARA 2009.
3. Animal Experiments Local Ethics Committee Scientific Research Course, Gaziantep University, 2009.
4. Clinical Researcher Training Program, Gaziantep University, School of Medicine, GAZIANTEP, 2010.
5. Applied Fue Technique Hair and Eyebrow Transplant Course, TRABZON, 2010.
6. Laser Treatment of Pigmented and Vascular Lesions Course, TRABZON, 2010.
7. Vertical Mammoplasty: Technical Details, Limits, and Problems, TRABZON, 2010.
8. Oculoplastic Surgery, TRABZON, 2010.
9. Blepharoplasty, TRABZON, 2010.
10. Simultaneous Rhinoplasty and Facial Contouring Techniques, TRABZON, 2010.
11. TPRECD IV. Plastic Surgery Residency School, ÇEŞME/ İZMİR, 2011.
12. TPRECD V. Plastic Surgery Rhinoplasty Course and Symposium, ANKARA, 2012.
13. 15th Basic Microvascular Surgery Course, KONYA, 2013.
14. Aesthetic Breast Surgery Course, November 4-7, 2014, ANKARA, Turkey, 2015.
15. Breast Reconstruction Course, November 4-7, 2014, ANKARA, Turkey, 2015.
16. Op. Dr. Teoman Doğan Rhinoplasty Live Surgery Course, November 4, 2017, ISTANBUL.

WORKS

1. ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN INTERNATIONAL PEER-REVIEWED JOURNALS:
2. Mutaf M, Günal E, Temel M. A New Technique for Closure of the Infraorbital Defects. Ann Plast Surg. 2011 Dec;67(6):600-5.
3. Mutaf M, Günal E, Temel M. Closure of defects of the malar region. J Craniofac Surg. 2011 Mar;22(2):631-4. PMID:21403544
4. Türkmen A., Temel M., Bekerecioglu M. Primary mucosal malignant melanoma of the oral cavity. Eur J Plast Surg. 2011; 34: 325-9
5. Mutaf M, Temel M, Günal E, Işik D. Island Volar Advancement Flap for Reconstruction of the Thumb Defects. Ann Plast Surg. 2012 Feb;68(2):153-7.
6. Mutaf M., MD, Temel M., Gunal E., MD. The Spider Procedure: A New Z-Plasty-Based Local Flap Procedure for Closure of the Skin Defects. Ann Plast Surg. 2012 Nov;69(5):555-9. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0b013e31821ee4ce.
7. Mutaf M., MD, Temel M., Gunal E., MD. A New Z-Plasty Based Local Flap Procedure for Closure of the Lateral Canthal Skin Defects. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012 Feb;129(2):372-374.
8. Mutaf M., MD, Temel M., Gunal E., MD. The reading man flap for closure of large meningomyelocele defects. J. Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2012 May;65(5):578-83.
9. Arif Turkmen, Metin Temel, Ayla Gokce, Mehmet Bekerecioglu. Orbital exenteration for the treatment of advanced periocular skin cancer. Eur J Plast Surg. 2013; 36:69-74
10. Erhan Yengil, Metin Temel, Vedat Uruc, Cengiz Cevik, Erkan Yula, Omer Serkan Yildiz, Cansu Onlen, Mehmet Arslan. Surgical Hand Antiseptic Potential of Oregano Essential Oil. Euras J Fam Med 2014; 3(3):149-156.
11. Metin Temel, Arif Turkmen, Recep Dokuyucu, Cengiz Cevik, Serdar Oztuzcu, Beyhan Cengiz. A novel tumor suppressor gene in basal cell carcinoma: inhibition of growth factor-2. Tumour Biol. 2015 Jan 23. [Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 25613071
12. Aslı Can, Metin TEMEL, Recep Dokuyucu, Mehmet Mutaf. The Effect of Coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone) on Random Pattern Skin Flap Survival in Rat Model. Ann Plast Surg. 2015 May 7. [Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 25954836
13. Metin Temel, Ali O. KARAKAŞ, Recep Dokuyucu, Arif Türkmen. ''The dermal internal brassiere flap,'' a new modification of inferior pedicle breast reduction technique. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2015 Jun;39(3):350-8. doi: 10.1007/s00266-015-0483-y. Epub 2015 Apr 17. PMID: 25894021
14. Ömer Berberoğlu, Metin Temel, Arif Türkmen. Effects of Reduction Mammaplasty Operations on the Spinal Column: Clinical and Radiological Response. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery August 2015, Volume 39, Issue 4, pp 514-522.
15. Metin Temel, Mustafa Nihat Koç, Saffet Ulutaş, Bülent Göğebakan. The Expression Levels of The Sirtuins in Patients With BCC. Tumour Biol. 2015 Dec 2. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 26631040. 2015
16. Metin Temel, Arif Türkmen, Ömer Berberoğlu. Improvements in Vertebral-Column Angles and Psychological Metrics After Abdominoplasty With Rectus Plication. Aesthetic Surgery Journal. [Epub ahead of print]. DOI:10.1093/asj/sjv257. 2015
17. Tumay Ozgur, Metin Temel. Pilar Sheath Acanthoma Presenting as a Nevus. International Journal of Trichology. 2015:7(4);187-188.
18. Temel M, Berberoğlu Ö, Türkmen A. Response to Comment on ''Effects of Reduction Mammaplasty Operations on the Spinal Column: Clinical and Radiological Response''. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2016 May 13. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 27178569.
19. Temel M, Şamil Kahraman Ş, Berber Ö, Çevik C, Akoğlu E. Comparison of the result of consolidative technique otoplasty and incisionless otoplasty in the repairs of prominent ears. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2016 Jan 25. [Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 26810363.
20. Temel M, Gunal E, Kahraman SS. Reconstruction of Congenital Isolated Alar Defect Using Mutaf Triangular Closure Technique in Pediatric Patients. J Craniofac Surg. 2016 May 17. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 27192642.
21. Metin Temel, Consolidative Technique Otoplasty: Comprehensive Approach In Combining Techniques. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2016 Sep 9. [Epub ahead of print] PMID:27612463. DOI: 10.1007/s00266-016-0699-5.
22. Mehmet Mutaf, Metin Temel. A New Technique For Total Reconstruction of The Lower Lid. Annals of Plastic Surgery 2016.
23. E Zobaci, M Temel, AÇ Yasti, M Zorlu, F Coskun, M Dolapci, İT Şahiner. The use of the triangular closure technique for defect coverage in pilonidal sinus treatment. Int J Clin Exp Med 9 (7), 12804-12810.
24. Mehmet Mutaf, Metin Temel, Mustafa Nihat Koç. A new surgical technique for closure of pilonidal sinus defects: Triangular closure technique. e-ISSN 1643-3750 © Med Sci Monit, 2016; 22: DOI: 10.12659/MSM.899879. Feb 26 - Mar 4, 2017.
25. Mutaf M, Metin Temel, MD. Reading Man Flap: A Nasal Reconstruction Technique. Ann Plast Surg. 2022. PMID: 34711730.
26. Ali Yeniocak, Osman Kelahmetoğlu, Mustafa Özkan, Metin Temel, Ethem Güneren. A Basic Algorithmic Surgical Approach for Nicolau Syndrome. J Cutan Aesthet Surg 2020 Apr-Jun;13(2):154-159. doi: 10.4103/JCAS.JCAS_139_19.
27. Arif Türkmen, Mehmet Doğan, Metin Temel. A free radical scavenger (Tempol) and its effect on intimal hyperplasia of vein grafts in rats. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2018 Sep;24(5):379-386. doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2017.80281.
28. Mehmet Mutaf 1, Metin Temel. A New Cartilage-Sparing Procedure for Correction of the Prominent Ear Deformity: Dermal Anchor Technique. Ann Plast Surg. 2020 Sep;85(3):221-228. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000002257.
29. Arif Türkmen, MD, FRCS, FRCS (Plast), Metin Temel, MD. Algorithmic approach to the prevention of unnecessary fasciotomy in extremity snake bite. DOI: 10.12659/MSM.899879. Feb 26 - Mar 4, 2017.
30. PAPERS PRESENTED AT INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCES AND PUBLISHED IN PROCEEDINGS:
31. Mehmet Aliakdamar, Ethem Ünal, Metin Temel, Abdullah Haholu, H.Tuba Sanal, Yalçın Özdemir. Inflammatory Polyp Of The Ileum Causing Perforation In A Young Patient. 23rd World Congress of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, May 26-30, Istanbul, Turkey. (Diyarbakır Military Hospital, Department of General Surgery, Mardin Military Infirmary).
32. Metin Temel, Recep Dokuyucu, Hasan Gökçe, Zeynel Abidin Taş, Okan Tutuk, Hatice Doğan, Gökhan Ağtürk. Wound Healing Effect of Centaury Oil Treatment in Diabetic Wound Model. 41st National Congress of Physiology. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University. September 9-13, 2015.
33. Metin Temel, Recep Dokuyucu, Hasan Gökçe, Gökhan Ağtürk, Hatice Doğan, Gökhan Ağtürk. Disinfectant Effect of Thyme Oil in Diabetic Wound Model. 41st National Congress of Physiology. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University. September 9-13, 2015.
34. Metin Temel, Hasan Gökçe, Recep Dokuyucu, İbrahim Kahraman, Abdurrahman Akdağ, Fatih Sefil. Investigation of the Efficacy of Vitamin B Complexes on Peripheral Nerve Injuries Treatments in Experimental Models. 41st National Congress of Physiology. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University. September 9-13, 2015.
35. Recep Dokuyucu1, Metin Temel2, Hasan Gökçe3, Hatice Doğan1, Gökhan Ağtürk1, Abdurrahman Akdağ4, Okan Tutuk1, Cemil Tümer1. Therapeutic Effects of Thymoquinone and Peanut Oil in an Infected Diabetic Wound Model. 41st National Congress of Physiology. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University. September 9-13, 2015.
36. ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN NATIONAL PEER-REVIEWED JOURNALS:
37. Senem Koruk, Gülşen Özkan Tanrıverdi, Rauf Gül, Metin Temel, Sıtkı Göksu, Ünsal Öner. Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Cases: Our Experience with Intubation. Gaziantep Journal of Medicine, 2009;15(3):29-32.
38. Arif Türkmen, Metin Temel, Ertan Günal, Koray Çelebi, Mehmet Bekerecioğlu. A Case Report of Freeman-Sheldon Syndrome (Whistling-Face). Gaziantep Journal of Medicine, 2010; 16(2):39-41.
39. Arif Türkmen, Ertan Günal, Metin Temel, Ömer Berberoğlu. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type-1: Social Aspects and Life Planning. Gaziantep Journal of Medicine, 2010; 16(2):53-56.
40. Akif ACAY1, Ethem ZOBACI2, Metin TEMEL3, A. Fahri ŞAHİN4. A Case of Jessner’s Lymphocytic Infiltration Mimicking Basal Cell Carcinoma. Kocatepe Journal of Medicine, 2015;16(2):151-3.
41. Metin Temel, Ethem Zobacı, Ahmet Kahraman, Mustafa Özkan, Ali Ö. Karakaş. Revisiting Contraindications of Abdominoplasty and a Complicated Case Report. Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Medicine, Volume 5, Issue 20, Year 2014:45-9.
42. Metin Temel, Ebru Çelik. Long-Term Results of the Combination of Dermofat Graft and Platelet-Rich Plasma in a Patient with Hemifacial Atrophy: A Case Report. Turgut Özal Medical Center Journal, 2016;23(1):92-5. doi: 10.5455/jtomc.2015.2867.
43. Metin Temel, Ebru Çelik, Mehmet Yaldiz, Ali Ö. Karakaş. Punch Biopsy Leads to Misdiagnosis in Pilomatrixoma: A Case Report. TPRECD Journal, Manuscript ID: 1984 DOI: 10.5152/TurkJPlastSurg.2017.1984.
44. Arif Türkmen1, Metin Temel2. History of Microvascular Surgery in Plastic Surgery. 1. Istanbul University, Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey; 2. Mustafa Kemal University School of Medicine, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Hatay, Turkey. Türkiye Klinikleri, Experimental Microsurgery Special Issue, Turkiye Klinikleri J Plast Surg-Special Topics 2016;5(1).
45. Metin Temel, Ebru Çelik, Raif Ozden, A.Çigdem Dogramacı, Yunus Doğramacı, Vedat Uruc. Results of a New Suture Technique in the Treatment of Ingrown Toenails. Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Medicine, 2016.
46. NATIONAL CONFERENCES ATTENDED: 
47. Rhinoplasty Symposium, Mersin University School of Medicine Plastic Surgery Department, MERSIN, 2006.
48. Oculoplasty Symposium, Gaziantep University, School of Medicine, Plastic Surgery Department, GAZIANTEP, 2008.
49. 29th National Congress of Turkish Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, October 17-19, 2007, ESKIŞEHIR.
50. 30th National Congress of Turkish Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, October 15-19, 2008, ANTALYA.
51. 32nd National Congress of Turkish Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, September 15-19, 2010, TRABZON.
52. 5th National Wound Care Congress, October 25-28, 2010, GAZIANTEP.
53. 15th National Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Congress, January 15-16, 2011, ISTANBUL.
54. 33rd National Congress of Turkish Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, September 14-19, 2011, IZMIR.
55. 41st National Congress of Turkish Physiological Sciences, September 9-13, 2015, ÇANAKKALE.
56. 37th National Congress of Turkish Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, November 4-7, 2015, ANKARA.
57. National Congress of Aesthetic Face and Nose Surgery, February 17-19, 2017, ISTANBUL.

E. BOOK TRANSLATIONS:

Atlas of Hand Surgery, Tendon Transfers Section

Specializations

• Rhinoplasty Aesthetics
• Facial Applications in Surgery
• Breast Aesthetics
• Body Shaping Aesthetics
• Liposuction
• Botox-Filler-Mesotherapy Procedures