Best Diagnostic by doctor's recommendation plastic surgeons in Turkey: TOP 34 doctors

Medical aesthetics is a specialized field of medicine that focuses on improving cosmetic appearance through the treatment of conditions including scars, skin laxity, wrinkles, moles, liver spots, excess fat, cellulite, unwanted hair, skin discoloration and spider veins. In Istanbul, Turkey, medical aesthetics encompasses a broad range of non surgical procedures that aim to enhance an individual’s appearance and boost their self confidence.

• Injectables: Including Botox and dermal fillers to reduce the appearance of wrinkles and to plump up the skin.
• Laser Treatments: Utilized for hair removal, skin resurfacing, and to diminish the visibility of scars or pigmentation.
• Skin Rejuvenation: Such as chemical peels, microneedling, and light therapy to improve skin texture and tone.

Education, Awards and Certifications

• Inter High School Project Competition, Third in Turkey, Using the activated carbon

obtained from waste batteries as ion and gas trap,Scientific and Technological

Research Council of Turkey (TUBİTAK)-2009

• Tokat Science High School – 2010

• Istanbul University School of Medicine(Graduted with distinction) – 2016

• Sarıyer State Hospital(Emergency Medicine) 2017

• Animal Research Certificate – January 2019

• Microsurgery Certificate- May 2019

• Medical statistics certificate- July 2019

• Bagcılar Research and Training Hospital, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and

Aesthetic Surgery(Residency) 2017-2022

• Universita Campus Bio-Medico, Department of Plastic,Reconstructive and Aesthetic

Surgery Rome/Italy(Microsurgery Fellowship) 2022-

• Erzurum State Hospital,Erzurum/Turkey 2022-2024 

Medipol Acıbadem District Hospital  (Current)

Published journal articles indexed by SCI, SSCI, and AHCI I. Investigation of the effectiveness of teledermatology in the diagnosis of skin lesions in pediatric patients TaslidereN.,KucukO.S. Revista daAssociacaoMedicaBrasileira (1992),vol.69,no.10,2023 (SCI-Expanded) I . Can a Correct Diagnosis Be Established Using the TeledermatologyMethod? TAŞLIDEREN.,SUKÜÇÜKÖ. ACTADERMATOVENEROLOGICACROATICA,vol.30,no.1,pp.32-39,2022 (SCI-Expanded) I I. Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome induced by COVID-19: A case report TaşlıdereB.,MehmetajL.,ÖzcanA.B.,GülenB.,TaşlıdereN. AmericanJournalofEmergencyMedicine,vol.41,2021 (SCI-Expanded) IV. Which dermatology patients attend to Dermatology Outpatient Clinics during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Turkey and what happened to them? CENGİZ F.P.,EMİROĞLUN.,BAHALIA.G.,DİZMAND.,TAŞLIDEREN.,AkarslanT.C.,GunesB.,MERTÖ.,KÜÇÜKÖ.S., ONSUNN. DERMATOLOGICTHERAPY,vol.33,no.4,2020 (SCI-Expanded)

Professional Experience:

2017 - 2024: SALTAT CLINIC GÖZTEPE BRANCH, Specialist in Dermatology and Venereology

2014 - 2017: MEMORIAL WELLNESS, Specialist in Dermatology and Venereology

2008 - 2014: PRIVATE ISTANBUL MEDIPOL HOSPITAL, Specialist in Dermatology and Venereology

2006 - 2008: MEDICALPARK BAHÇELİEVLER HOSPITAL, Specialist in Dermatology and Venereology

2003 - 2006: TBV SERVICE HOSPITAL, Specialist in Dermatology and Venereology

1999 - 2003: FIZIKOM AESTHETICS AND LASER CENTER, Specialist in Dermatology and Venereology

Education:

1996 - 1999: HASEKI STATE HOSPITAL - Residency in Dermatology

1989 - 1995: ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY, ISTANBUL FACULTY OF MEDICINE, Medical Doctor Training

Dr. Nadir Harmankaya

Aesthetic Doctor

Education

Undergraduate Education

2008 - 2013
Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University Faculty of Medicine

Experience

2023 -
ClinicExpert - Aesthetic Doctor

2022
Aslı Tarcan Clinic - Aesthetic Doctor

2019
Estetica Medical Center - Aesthetic Doctor

2017
İzmir Su Medical Center - Aesthetic Doctor

2016
İzmir Tinaztepe Medical Center - Aesthetic Doctor

2013
Hakkari City Hospital - Aesthetic Doctor

Certificates

• 2018 - Mesotherapy Application Certificate
• 2017 - Cupping Therapy Application Certificate
• 2015 - Ozone Therapy Application Certificate

Ankara University Faculty of Medicine - Ear-Nose-Throat Diseases
 

1998-2005 Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, KAYSERİ
 

Courses and Conferences
 

Turkish Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Foundation OSAS Surgery Educational Course ,November 05, 2009,Ankara
 

Turkish Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Foundation Pediatric Sinusitis Educational Course,07 January 2010,Ankara
 

9th International Congress of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, April 8-10, 2010, Ankara.
 

Turkish Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Foundation Academy Congress, April 15-18, 2010, Hatay
 

Turkish Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Association, Neck Dissections Meeting ;May 6, 2010 ,Ankara
 

Turkish Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Foundation Approach to Conductive Hearing Loss Educational Course; December 16, 2010,Ankara
 

33rd Turkish National Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Congress; September 26-30, 2011, Ankara
 

Turkish Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Foundation Middle Ear Implants Educational Course; November 17, 2011,Ankara
 

Turkish Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Association , Current Approach to Thyroid and Parathyroid Diseases Meeting ;November 19, 2011 ,Ankara
 

Turkish Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Foundation Current Tonsillectomy Methods Educational Course; December 15, 2011 ,Ankara
 

National Laryngology Congress, February 17-18, 2012, Ankara
 

Turkish Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Foundation Educational Course on Approach to Children with Stiridor; April 05, 2012 ,Ankara
 

10th International Congress of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery; April 26-28, 2012, Ankara

8th Turkish Rhinology Congress, May 24-27, 2012, Antalya

Turkish Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Foundation Vertigo Educational Course;November 01, 2012,Ankara

7th National Laryngology Congress September 27-28, 2013 ,Istanbul

35th Turkish National Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Congress, November 02-06, 2013, Antalya

35th Turkish National Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Congress Clinically Applied Allergic Rhinitis Course, November 02-06, 2013, Antalya

ORL seminars Salzburg Medical Seminars International April 12-19, 2014

38th Turkish National Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Congress, , Antalya

Articles he wrote and contributed to;

1. Elgörmüş M.N, Başak H, Balcıoğlu M ,Özgürsoy O.B, Dursun G, Hidden Cavernous Hemangioma in Tongue; 9th International Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Congress, April 8-10, 2010, Ankara.
 

2.ELGÖRMÜŞ M.N, BASAK H, BALCIOĞLU M, ÖZGÜRSOY O.B, DURSUN G. Hidden Hemangioma in Tongue. 9th International ENT- Head and Neck Surgery Congress 8-10 April 2010, Ankara, Turkey
 

3.Mülazımoğlu S, Başak H, Beton S, Elgörmüş M.N, Aktürk T, Arat A, Gökcan M.K,Emergency Intraoperative Angiographic Embolization in Acute Carotid Blowout Syndrome ; 35th Turkish National Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Congress, 02-06 November 2013, Antalya
 

ORAL PAPERS PRESENTED AT NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS
 

1.İslamoğlu Y, Kıcalı M.M, Elgörmüş M.N, Beton S, Gökcan M.K ,Is Hyoid Bone Removal Necessary in Thyroglossal Cyst Excision? ;35th Turkish National Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Congress,
 

2.BAŞAK H, MÜLAZIMOGLU S, TEZCANER Z.Ç., BETON S, MECO B.C, ELGÖRMÜS MN, MEÇO C. Endonasal endoscopic excision of frontal sinus and supraorbital resess cholesteatoma extending from the temporal muscle to the middle fossa. 10th Turkish Rhinology Congress May 25-22, 2014 Antalya, Turkey. (oral presentation)
 

3.M.N.Elgörmüs , C. Meco Endonasal Endoscopic Management of Traumatic CSF Fistula 19-12 April 2014 ORL seminars Salzburg Medical Seminars International

SPECIALTY IN MEDICINE

• Microsurgery
• Cleft lip
• Burn emergency
• Maxillofacial surgery
• Aesthetic surgery
• Tumor surgery
• Nerve injuries
• Reconstructive surgery

EDUCATIONAL BACKGORUND

INONU UNIVERSITY SUBSPECIALTY IN MEDICINE

2010-2014

FACULTY OF MEDICINE

INONU UNIVERSITY SPECIALTY IN MEDICINE

2002-2007

FACULTY OF MEDICINE/DIVISION OF SURGICAL MEDICINE SCIENCES/DEPARTMENT OF PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY

INONU UNIVERSITY SPECIALTY IN MEDICINE

2002-2007

FACULTY OF MEDICINE/DIVISION OF SURGICAL MEDICINE SCIENCES/DEPARTMENT OF PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY

Thesis name: Analysis of the long-term results of four different techniques with a new method in patients who underwent a reduction mammoplasty (2007) Thesis Supervisor: (ALI GÜRLEK)

POSITIONS

• PROFESSOR

2019 İNÖNÜ ÜNİVERSITY/FACULTY OF MEDICINE

• ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

2013 İNÖNÜ ÜNİVERSITY/FACULTY OF MEDICINE

• EDUCATION COORDINATOR

2011 İNÖNÜ ÜNİVERSITY/FACULTY OF MEDICINE

• ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

2008

INONU UNIVERSITY/FACULTY OF MEDICINE, DIVISION OF SURGICAL MEDICINE SCIENCES, DEPARTMENT OF PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY

MANAGED THESES

2014

ΑΥΤΕΚΙΝ ΑΗΜET HAMDI, (2014). Comparison of the effects of and hyaluronic acid injections into allogeneic vascular graft on nerve regeneration in the treatment of peripheral nerve defects, Inonü University->Faculty of Medicine->Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery

2012

GEYİK YILMAZ, (2012). Comparison of reconstruction methods, where vessel, and cartilage grafts are used, in peripheral nerve injuries and analysis of a new technique, İnönü University->Faculty of Medicine->Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery     

PROJECT TASKS

*Effects of Chrysin on burn wound healing, 1st scientific research project, which is supported by Higher Education Institutions, Researcher: FIRAT CEMAL, Researcher: OĞUZTÜRK HAKAN, Coordinator: TURTAY MUHAMMETGÖKHAN, Researcher: ÇİFTÇİ OSMAN, 01:092013-Glucan treatment prevents progressive burn ischaemia in the zone of stasis and improves burn healing. An experimental study in rats Firat C Samdanci E Erbatur S Aytekin AH AK M Turtay MG

Coban YK Burns 2012 Mar 31 Inönü University Scientific Research Project Responsible coordinator, BAP, Supervisor, 2010-2014 (ΝΑΤΙΟNAL) Cerium nitrate treatment prevents progressive tissue necrosis in the zone of stasis following burn

Eski M Ozer F Firat C Alhan D Arsian N Senturk T İşik S Burns 2012 Mar 38 2 2839 Epub 2011 Oct 19 Ankara Gulhane Military Medical Academy Scientific Research Project Researcher, BAP, Researcher, 2010-2011 (NATIONAL)

Education

Inst. Öğr.(6 YEARS) Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine 2015
Medical Specialization Marmara University Department of Dermatology 2020

Experience

Uzunköprü State Hospital Emergency Department 2015-2016
Marmara University Training and Research Hospital 2016-2022

Scientific Memberships

Pediatric Dermatology Association
Aesthetic and Cosmetic Dermatology Association
Turkish Dermatology Association
European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology

Awards

1. Ayşe Deniz Yücelten, Elif Cömert, Adnan Deniz. A case of Lipschutz ulcer: a little known venereal cause of genital ulcer. 10th Dermatology Spring Symposium April 10-13, 2019, Istanbul. Poster Abstracts Booklet, P-16. Poster Papers, Poster Paper 1st prize.
2. Elif Cömert Özer, Ayşe Deniz Yücelten, Selda Küçük Akdere, Perran Boran. Effects of systemic propranolol treatment on growth and development in patients with infantile hemangioma. 9th Prof. Dr. Ümit Ukşal National Pediatric Dermatology Days, June 4-6, 2021. Oral Presentation, presented by Elif Cömert Özer. 2nd prize.
3. Özlem Akın Çakıcı, Elif Cömert Özer, Züleyha Özgen. The Effect of Rituximab and Other Immunosuppressive Therapies on the Risk and Course of COVID-19 in Pemphigus Patients. 11th Spring symposium, April 3-4, 2021. Oral presentation, presented by Özlem Akın Çakıcı. 3rd prize.
4. Salman, Andac, and Elif Comert. "The real-life effectiveness and safety of omalizumab updosing in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria." Marmara Medical Services Development and Aid Association Scientific Research Award Competition, 2019.

Medical Intrests:

• 
  Cosmetic Applications
• Paediatric Dermatology
• Allergic skin diseases
• Nail Diseases
• Laser Applications
• Psoriasis
• Acne
• Rozase
• Autoimmune bullous diseases
• Hidradenitis Suppurativa
• Sexually transmitted diseases
• Hair diseases
• Dermoscopy
• Skin biopsy
• Nevus tracking
• Filling applications
• Skin tumour surgery and follow-up
• Botulinum toxin applications
• Mesotherapy applications
• Scar treatment
• Spot treatment
   

Medical Intrests

• Dermatooncology (Skin Cancers)
• Dermoscopy
• Psoriasis
• Atopic Dermatitis
•  

Education

Undergraduate Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine 1975
Histology-Embriology Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine 1975-1981
Skin and Venereal Diseases Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine 1981-1984
Dermatology Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine 1987

Experience

1975 Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine
1975-1981 Histology-Embriology Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine
1981-1984 Skin and Venereal Diseases Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine
1987 Dermatology Associate Prof...Istanbul University Faculty of Medicineltesi
1987- 1993 Beyoğlu Training and Research Hospital Skin and Venereal Diseases Deputy Chief
1993-2010 Vakıf Gureba Training and Research Hospital Skin and Venereal Diseases Clinic Chief
2010-2024 Bezmialem Vakıf University Dermatology Department

Scientific Memberships

International Society of Dermatology
European Academy of Dermatology and Venerology
International Society of Dermoscopy
International Psoriasis Council
EORTC (European Cancer Research and Treatment Organization)
TüTurkish Dermatology Association
Board Member of Psoriasis and Cutaneous Inflammation Association
Chairmanship of Dermatooncology Working Group of Turkish Dermatology Association

Medical Intrests 

• Psoriasis
• Atopic Dermatitis
• Chronic Urticaria
• Acne
• Rozase
• Follow-up and Treatment of Skin Tumours
• Dermoscopy
• Hair Diseases
• Nail Diseases
• Autoimmune Bullous Diseases
• Hidradenitis Supurativa
• Botulinum Toxin Applications
• Spot Treatment
• Face and Hair Mesotherapy
• Face and Scalp Applications
• Laser Applications

Education

Degree: Faculty of Medicine (2nd place)
Department: Faculty of Medicine
Institution: Istanbul University
Year Range: 2011-2017

Experience

General Practitioner: Lütfiye Nuri Burat State Hospital Emergency Department (2017-2018)
Assistant Physician: Bezmialem Vakif University (2018-2023)
Specialist Physician: Cumra State Hospital (2023-2024)

Scientific Memberships

Turkish Dermatology Association
Skin and Venereal Diseases Association

Dr Mehmet Yildirim , 
Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine 2008- 2014
Medical Education completed

Istanbul University
Istanbul Faculty of Medicine  2016-2022
Aesthetic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery specialization completed.

EXPERINCES:
2022 - 2024 
ARTVIN STATE HOSPITAL PLASTIC DEPARTMENT
Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery specialist

2024
Estherian Plastic Surgery Department 


CERTIFICATION :
January 2017
28. Basic Microsurgery course

2020
Bazmialem Vakif University
22. Experimental Animal certificate course

2021
EPCD Breast Surgery school

2022
Teorhinoplasty Live Surgery course

19-24 December 2022 
EPCD Fellowship Program completed

2024
Face and Neck Surgery specialist - Istanbul

Specializations

Head and Neck Surgery

Surgical Treatment of Head and Neck Cancers

Dizziness (Vertigo)

Endoscopic Sinus Surgeries

Hearing Loss and Ear Diseases Surgery

Endoscopic Head and Neck Diseases Surgery

Head and Neck Diseases Microsurgery

Salivary Gland Diseases and Surgery

Specializations

Adult and Pediatric ENT Diseases

Plastic Surgery Procedures (Rhinoplasty, Protruding Ear Correction)

Filling-Botox Procedures

Endoscopic/Microscopic Middle Ear Surgery

Sleep Apnea and Snoring Surgery

Tonsil and Adenoid Operations with Plasma-Evaporation Method

A doctor with over 20 years of education and experience in cardiology, including a Professor's degree. 52 international articles and 20 papers published, as well as 3 chapters in National/International books. Member of multiple organizations including the Turkish Society of Cardiology, Cell and Cellular Therapies Association, and the European Society of Cardiology.

Field of Speciality: Urology
Date of Birth: 1980
School of Medicine:  Istanbul University School of Medicine
Graduate Medical Education: University of Health Sciences Taksim Training & Research Hospital
Fellowship: Urological Oncology and Laparoscopic Urology Department of Urology SLK Kliniken Heilbronn University of Heidelberg, Germany
Foreign Language: English

Dr. Ali Şahan, born on December 3, 1982, is a highly skilled dermatologist with extensive experience in hair transplantation and cosmetic dermatology. He completed his pre-university education at Balıkesir Sırrı Yırcalı Anatolian High School and earned his Medical Doctor degree from the Ankara GATA Faculty of Medicine. In 2014, he completed his specialization in dermatology at the Ankara GATA Department of Dermatology, earning the title Dermatology Specialist.

From 2012 to 2014, Dr. Şahan served as a consultant and trainer for Restylane, sharing his expertise in filler applications through boutique workshops. Currently, he continues to serve as a trainer for Allergan (Botox, Juvederm filler) and Aptos (non-surgical thread facelift) and regularly participates in dermatology conferences, where he leads workshops on cosmetic procedures.

Dr. Şahan has authored numerous publications in national and international journals and is deeply committed to advancing the field of dermatology. His primary areas of interest include the use of hyperbaric oxygen and ultrasound devices in hair transplantation, always staying updated with the latest technological advancements. He has successfully patented the HIBO hyperbaric oxygen device, which he developed to enhance the success of hair transplantation procedures. With over a decade of experience in treating hair loss, Dr. Şahan has personally managed more than 5,000 cases, demonstrating his dedication to achieving optimal results for his patients.

Surgeon Ekrem Keskin was born in 1986 in Istanbul. He completed his education at Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine in 2010, and was awarded the title of Medical Doctor. During his residency training he was instructed in nose, facial and breast aesthetics under the supervision of James Zins, MD and Raffi Gurunluoglu, MD, at Cleveland Clinic Plastic and Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Department, Cleveland, OHIO-USA in 2016. After 5 years of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery training, he completed his specialization and became a Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery Specialist.

Founded since 2014 in Turkey, ESTEFOCUS clinic is a pioneer in cosmetic surgery ( hair transplant , DHI hair transplant, FUE hair transplant, beard transplant, Sapphire FUE hair transplant, etc.).

We also offer beauty treatments such as or botox. We have a professional and highly experienced team of doctors and technicians in the field of aesthetics. In addition to our extensive know-how, we always make sure to have the latest technologies in this field to guarantee better results for our patients. Our clinic has been welcoming Turkish and international patients for years, we guarantee you a well-organized and comfortable stay as well as the best quality of all our services.

Professional Summary

Dr. Murat Balanlı is an experienced internal medicine specialist with over 35 years in the field of modern medicine. Since completing his medical education, Dr. Balanlı has continuously expanded his expertise, ultimately embracing a holistic approach to healthcare. Rather than seeing holistic medicine as an alternative, he regards it as an essential extension of conventional treatment that focuses on restoring the unity of mind, body, and spirit. His philosophy, rooted in the idea that medicine is a branch of philosophy, aims to treat not only physical symptoms but also the underlying disruptions to an individual’s overall sense of well-being.

Dr. Balanlı's commitment to lifelong learning, his respect for the arts, and his passion for exploring new perspectives on health have enriched his practice and deepened his connection with patients. His experience includes positions in hospital administration, health institution management, and public health, equipping him with a comprehensive understanding of the healthcare system and patient care at various levels.

*Educational Background

Doctor of Medicine (MD)
Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, 1988

Specialist Training in Internal Medicine
Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, 1994

Master’s Degree in Health Institutions Management
Başkent University, Faculty of Social Sciences, 2012

*Professional Experience

Healthy Living Clinic, Turkey

Founder and Head Practitioner
2014 - Present
Founded and oversees the Healthy Living Clinic, which offers personalized holistic treatment plans to patients. Here, Dr. Balanlı integrates modern medicine with holistic practices, aiming to support patients in achieving both physical health and emotional well-being.

SB Behçet Uz Children's Diseases and Surgery Training and Research Hospital

Hospital Administrator
2015 - 2018
Managed administrative and operational functions at one of Turkey's leading children's hospitals, ensuring high standards of healthcare delivery.

Social Security Institution (SGK), Izmir

Regional Director of Health Affairs
2004 - 2009
Oversaw healthcare services and managed regional health affairs for SGK, contributing to policy-making and service delivery improvements across the region.

Board Member
2009 - 2012
Served on the SGK Board of Directors, actively involved in shaping healthcare policies and advocating for quality, affordable healthcare.

Kayseri Ibn-i Sina Medical Centers

Chief Physician
2003 - 2008
Directed medical services, focusing on the integration of patient-centered care with evidence-based medical practices.

Tokat Niksar State Hospital

Chief Physician
1996
Completed mandatory service as a physician, gaining foundational experience in diverse clinical settings.

*Certifications and Advanced Training

• Neuroanatomy, Neuroelectrophysiology, and Biofeedback
  Completed in Romania
• Biorezonance Medicine and Applications
  Completed in Russia
  Specialized training in biorezonance therapy to support holistic approaches in addressing various chronic and stress-related conditions.

*Key Skills and Expertise

• Internal Medicine
• Holistic Medicine Approaches
• Holistic Wellness Approaches
•  
• Patient-Centered Care
• Biorezonance Therapy
• Health Systems Management
• Hospital and Healthcare Administration

Publications and Contributions

Dr. Balanlı has shared his insights on holistic medicine through articles, presentations, and community health talks, with a focus on bridging modern and holistic approaches. His dedication to sharing knowledge has made him a respected figure in both traditional and holistic medical communities.

Languages

• Turkish (Native)
• English (Fluent)
• Russian (Native)
• Azerbaijani (Fluent)