Best Breast Implant Revision plastic surgeons: TOP 198 doctors

Dr. Emre Uregen, born in Ankara, Turkey in 1978, is a distinguished aesthetic, plastic, and reconstructive surgeon. He graduated from Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine in 2002 and completed his residency at Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, where he performed over 2,000 surgeries.

In addition to his extensive expertise in plastic and reconstructive surgery, Dr. Uregen has made significant contributions to the field of hair loss treatment and transplantation. With a successful track record of over 5,000 hair transplantation procedures, he is highly regarded for his meticulous approach to the canal-opening process and his precise determination of the angle and direction of transplanted hair. Dr. Uregen emphasizes that these factors are crucial in achieving both the overall success and the natural appearance of hair transplant surgeries.

Dr. Emre Uregen’s dedication to excellence is evident in his comprehensive approach to both plastic surgery and hair restoration. His commitment to achieving optimal results for his patients reflects his passion for innovation and his desire to stay at the forefront of his field.

Dr. Altan Tekin, MD

Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeon

Dr. Altan Tekin is a board-certified plastic, aesthetic, and reconstructive surgeon with a strong commitment to delivering personalized, patient-centered care. After graduating from Sinop Science High School in 2007, he completed his medical education at Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine (2007-2014). He specialized in Plastic, Aesthetic, and Reconstructive Surgery at Antalya Training and Research Hospital (2016-2021), where he gained extensive experience as a resident physician.

From 2021 to 2023, Dr. Tekin worked as a specialist at Ordu State Hospital before opening his own private clinic in Antalya in 2023. Since then, he has continued to provide expert care to patients seeking aesthetic and reconstructive procedures.

As a board-certified surgeon, Dr. Tekin actively participates in numerous international trainings, conferences, and workshops to stay up-to-date with the latest techniques and advancements in plastic surgery. His passion for continuous professional development ensures that he can offer the most modern and effective treatments to his patients.

Dr. Tekin’s patient-first philosophy focuses on understanding each individual's unique needs, providing customized treatment plans, and improving their quality of life. He is dedicated to achieving exceptional results while ensuring a positive and supportive experience for all of his patients.

PLOYPAILIN RATTANACHINNAKORN, M.D.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeon

Graduated (M.D. From)
Doctor of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University

Certificates

Certificate of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University

Certificate of specialty in Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University

Certificate for Doctors Training Program at the 2024 KVPS (Korea V Plastic Surgery Symposium), Demonstrating Excellence in Facelift with Masters Course.

Work History (Experiences)

Member of the Medical Council of Thailand (Memberships)

Member of the Royal College of Surgeons of Thailand

Current Positions

PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGEON AT INTRARAT HOSPITAL

-Chief Surgeon of Girin Plastic Surgery Clinic

-Korea University Alumni

-Member of the Korean Society of Plastic Surgery

-Member of the Korean Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery

-Full member of the Plastic Surgery Clinic's Association

-Member of the Korean Society of Microsurgery

-Full member of the Korean Society of Craniofacial Plastic Surgery

-Member of Breast Plastic Surgery Research Association

-Former Surgeon of Do Dream Plastic Surgery

2003 Elazig Science High School

2009 Ege University Faculty of Medicine – MD.

2015 Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and

Aesthetic Surgery – Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Specialist

Experience

2015 – 2017 Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Specialist, Ağrı State Hospital, Department

of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery

2017 –2019 Specialist, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Plastic,

Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery

2019-2023 Assistant Professor, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Department of

Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery

2023- October 2024 Associate Professor, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine,

Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery

October 2024- Still Associate Professor, Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery,

Medipol Acıbadem  District  Hospital

Fellowship

July-August 2019: Juntendo University, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.

Tokyo, Japan

April-July 2022: Ghent University, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Ghent,

Belgium

November 2023: Asan Medical Center, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive

Surgery.Seoul, Korea

Memberships

EURAPS Active Member

International Society of Burn Injuries Active Member, Executive Committee Member

Turkish Reconstructive Microsurgery Society, Executive Committee Member

Turkish Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Society

Turkish Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Society

Turkish Wound Society

Dr Mehmet Yildirim , 
Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine 2008- 2014
Medical Education completed

Istanbul University
Istanbul Faculty of Medicine  2016-2022
Aesthetic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery specialization completed.

EXPERINCES:
2022 - 2024 
ARTVIN STATE HOSPITAL PLASTIC DEPARTMENT
Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery specialist

2024
Estherian Plastic Surgery Department 


CERTIFICATION :
January 2017
28. Basic Microsurgery course

2020
Bazmialem Vakif University
22. Experimental Animal certificate course

2021
EPCD Breast Surgery school

2022
Teorhinoplasty Live Surgery course

19-24 December 2022 
EPCD Fellowship Program completed

2024
Face and Neck Surgery specialist - Istanbul

Professional Summary of Dr. Burak Efeoğlu

Education:

• 1986 – 1993: Kadıköy Anadolu High School.
• 1993 – 2000: Graduated from Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty.

Career Experience:

• 2000 – 2002: Began his medical career at İnebolu State Hospital.
• 2002 – 2003: Completed mandatory military service at Darıca Combat Engineering Battalion.
• 2003 – 2006: Served as a Family Physician in Gebze.
• 2007 – 2013: Assistant in the Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery Department at Abant İzzet Baysal Medical Faculty.

Specialist Practice:

• 2014 – 2017: Fulfilled mandatory service as a Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgeon at Edirne State Hospital.
• 2017 – Present: Pursues his profession in private practice, specializing in plastic and aesthetic surgeries.

With a robust educational background and extensive hands-on experience, Dr. Burak Efeoğlu is renowned for his dedication to precision and patient-centered care.

TNC Clinic

Founded in 1982, Bangkok Thailand. TNC Clinic brings over 40 years of expertise and trusted care in cosmetic surgery, anti-aging treatments and stemcell therapy. Led by a Medical Professor with over 30 years of experience — An internationally accredited aesthetic and anti-aging surgery clinic.

Dr.Thanavatt Chotima; M.D./ CEO and Founder

Present 2024 : President of the Thai Society of Plastic Surgery and Aesthetic Medicine

• Doctor of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University

• President of the Thai Society of Plastic Surgery and Aesthetic Medicine

• President of the Clinical Physicians Association of Thailand

• Members of the Anti-Aging and Health Restoration Club

• Member of the Thai Society of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

• Member of the Association of Cosmetic Medicine and Dermatology

• Member of the Thai Cell Therapy Association

• Former Head of Surgery Department, Phra Phutthabat Hospital, Saraburi Province

• Former Acting Director of the Veterans Hospital, Bangkok

• Director of the Nursing School, Udon Thani

• Managing Director of TNC Health Care Co., Ltd.

• President of the Thai Clinical Physicians Association

• President of the Thai Society of Plastic Surgery and Aesthetic Medicine

Dr. Orhan Aydın
Specialist in Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery

Professional Summary

A highly accomplished Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgeon with 16 years of clinical experience. Over 3,000 rhinoplasty procedures and more than 15,000 aesthetic surgeries have been performed, demonstrating exceptional expertise in facial rejuvenation, body contouring, breast surgeries, and advanced reconstructive techniques. Skilled in both surgical and non-surgical procedures, with a strong commitment to patient care, innovation, and precision in achieving outstanding results.

Education

• Doctor of Medicine (MD) – Celal Bayar University, School of Medicine
• Residency in Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery – Pamukkale University, School of Medicine

Professional Experience

Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgeon

Pamukkale University Training and Research Hospital (2009 – 2014)

• Gained expertise in complex reconstructive surgeries, including hand and maxillofacial procedures.
• Actively involved in academic training programs for medical residents.

Sanlıurfa Mehmet Akif İnan Training and Research Hospital (2014 – 2016)

• Conducted a high volume of rhinoplasty and breast surgeries, establishing a reputation for meticulous attention to detail.

Ankara Dr. A. Yurtaslan Oncology Training and Research Hospital (2016 – 2018)

• Specialized in reconstructive surgeries for oncology patients, including breast reconstruction and skin cancer surgeries.

Private Clinic, Ankara (2018 – Present)

• Successfully performed thousands of aesthetic and reconstructive surgeries, focusing on patient satisfaction and innovative surgical techniques.
• Expanded practice to include non-surgical treatments such as fillers, Botox, and laser therapies.

Areas of Expertise

• Rhinoplasty (Nasal Surgery)
• Breast Surgeries: Augmentation, Reduction, Lifting
• Facial Rejuvenation: Facelift, Neck Lift, Eyelid Surgery
• Body Contouring: Liposuction, Tummy Tuck, BBL
• Reconstructive Surgeries: Hand Surgery, Breast Reconstruction, Skin Cancer Treatments
• Non-Surgical Procedures: Botox, Fillers, Laser Therapies
• Burn and Scar Management

Certifications & Courses

• Preservation Rhinoplasty Certification – Preservation Rhinoplasty Course, 2018
• Closed Atraumatic Rhinoplasty Certification – 2019
• International Health Tourism Certification – Ministry of Health, 2022

Publications

• "A Rare Case of Endochondral Pseudocyst of the Auricle" – Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Journal, 2016
• "Effects of Tamoxifen on Survival of Cutaneous and Myocutaneous Flaps" – European Review of Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 2014
• "Intramuscular Myxoma: Clinical and Surgical Observations" – Published with Pamukkale University Research Team

Languages

• English: Fluent
• Turkish: Native

Contact Information

Dr. Orhan Aydın
Maidan Work Center, C/55, Ankara, Turkey
Website: www.drorhanaydin.com
Instagram: @drorhanaydin

Education:

• Konya Meram Medical Faculty / 2010
• Istanbul Health Sciences University, Sultan Abdülhamid Han Training and Research Hospital (Specialization) / 2018

Experience:

• 2023 - Present: Çamlıca Erdem Hospital
• 2018 - 2021: Kırklareli Training and Research Hospital

Procedures Performed:

• Rhinoplasty (Nose Aesthetic Surgery)
• Tipplasty (Nose Tip Aesthetic Surgery)
• Treatment of Nasal Obstruction
• Revision Rhinoplasty (Secondary Nose Surgery)
• Abdominoplasty (Tummy Tuck)
• Liposuction (Fat Removal)
• Leg Aesthetics
• Hip Aesthetics
• Arm Lift Surgery
• Scar Revision (Scar Correction Surgery)
• Mole Excision
• Genital Aesthetic Procedures
• Breast Reduction
• Breast Augmentation
• Breast Lift
• Gynecomastia Surgery
• Neck and Chin Aesthetics
• Eyelid Surgery
• Brow and Forehead Aesthetics
• Otoplasty (Ear Aesthetic Surgery)
• Cheekbone Aesthetics
• Cheek Aesthetics
• Chin Augmentation Surgery
• Fat Injection
• (Platelet-Rich Plasma)
• Dermal Fillers
• Botox
• Fat Transfer

Education

• Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine / 1978 - 1985
• GATA Haydarpaşa Trainee Lieutenant / 1985 - 1986
• 6th Infantry Division Health Unit Commander / 1986 - 1988
• GATA Haydarpaşa Training and Research Hospital, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department / 1988 - 1993
• Retired from the Turkish Armed Forces as a Senior Colonel Physician / 1993 - 1995

Professional Memberships

• Turkish Society of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery
• Turkish Society of Aesthetic Surgery
• Turkish Society of Reconstructive Microsurgery
• International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ISAPS)

Professional Courses

• Microsurgery Course and Certification
• Burn Treatment and Burn Center Management
• Certificate on Maxillofacial Trauma and Treatments
• Active participation in over 50 national and international congresses, symposiums, panels, and meetings with presentations

Professional Publications

• 21 international publications in peer-reviewed journals
• 29 national publications in peer-reviewed journals
• 25 presentations in international congresses
• 49 presentations in national congresses

Education:

• Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine (2010)
• Nişantaşı Nuri Akın Anatolian High School (2004)
• Süleyman Şah Primary School (1999)

Residency:

• S.B. Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital
  Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery (2016)

Work Experience:

• S.B. Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital (2011-2016)
• S.B. Şanlıurfa Training and Research Hospital (2016-2019)
• S.B. Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital (2019 - Present)

Memberships:

• Turkish Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery

Specialized Surgeries:

• Rhinoplasty
• Breast Aesthetics
• Facial Aesthetics

Dr. Hakan is a highly experienced plastic and reconstructive surgeon, renowned for delivering exceptional results in his field. With a career spanning many years, he has honed his skills to address a wide range of aesthetic and reconstructive needs. His expertise lies in combining advanced surgical techniques with a deep understanding of human anatomy, allowing him to achieve outstanding, natural-looking outcomes for his patients. Dr. Hakan’s meticulous approach and dedication to excellence ensure that every procedure is tailored to the individual’s unique goals and medical requirements. Whether performing complex reconstructive surgeries or enhancing aesthetic features, he approaches each case with precision and care. Patients frequently commend his ability to create harmonious results that not only meet but often exceed expectations. Known for his compassionate demeanor and patient-focused philosophy, Dr. Hakan provides comprehensive guidance and support throughout the surgical journey. His impressive track record and commitment to advancing his craft have established him as a trusted name in plastic and reconstructive surgery.

Place and Date of Birth: 1975, Bafra/Samsun

Op. Dr. Abdül Kerim Yapıcı completed his primary and secondary education in

his hometown of Bafra. After graduating from Bafra High School in 1992, he

enrolled in the Gülhane Military Medical Academy (GATA) Military Medical

Faculty, completing his medical education in 1999. Between 2000 and 2002,

he served as a Consulting Physician at Eskişehir Military Hospital. In 2002, he

began his specialization in Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery at

GATA. He successfully completed his specialization in 2007, earning the title of

Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery Specialist.

Between 2007 and 2012, he worked as a specialist doctor at Eskişehir Military

Hospital. He then continued his career as an Assistant Professor at Ankara

GATA and the Health Sciences University Gülhane Training and Research

Hospital, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery.

Dr. Yapıcı is married with three children and is proficient in English. He is also

a member of the Turkish Society of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic

Surgery, as well as the Reconstructive Microsurgery Association

Work experience:
• 2000-2002 – Medical intern at the Central City Clinical Hospital, Kyiv
• 2001-2005 – Researcher at the Department of Hospital Surgery №2 with a course in Thoracic and Vascular Surgery at the National Medical University named after A.A. Bogomolets
• 2002-2005 – Surgeon at the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at the Central City Clinical Hospital, Kyiv
• 2003-2005 – Assistant at the Department of Hospital Surgery №2, National Medical University named after A.A. Bogomolets
• 2005 – Present – Surgeon at private clinics in Kyiv
• July 2023 – Founder of Yurchenko Plastic Surgery Clinic in Limassol, Cyprus

Scientific conferences, exhibitions, seminars, symposia:
• 2001 – 1st International Congress on Applied Aesthetics and Cosmetology in Ukraine, Kyiv
• 2001 – 2nd Ukrainian Congress on Minimally Invasive and Endoscopic Surgery, Kyiv
• 2002 – Scientific-Practical Seminar "Dysport – Application in Aesthetic Medicine", Kyiv
• 2002 – 3rd International Congress on Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Moscow
• 2002 – Scientific-Practical Conference "Hemostasis – Problems and Prospects", Kyiv
• 2002 – 20th Congress of Surgeons of Ukraine, Ternopil
• 2002 – Scientific-Practical Conference "Relevant Issues in Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery", Kyiv
• 2002 – 8th Scientific-Practical Conference "Relevant Issues in Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery", Yalta
• 2003 – 58th Scientific-Practical Conference "Current Problems in Modern Medicine", Kyiv
• 2004 – 9th Scientific-Practical Conference "Current Issues in Aesthetic Surgery", Sevastopol
• 2004 – Scientific-Practical Conference "Current Issues in Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery", Kyiv
• 2004 – 1st Congress "Current Issues in Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery", Kyiv
• 2005 – 59th International Medical Conference for Young Scientists
• 2005 – 8th All-Ukrainian Scientific-Practical Conference "Current Issues in Vascular and Reconstructive Surgery", Kyiv
• 2008 – 3rd All-Ukrainian Scientific-Practical Conference "Prevention of Complications in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"
• 2009 – 4th Scientific-Practical Conference "Tissue Engineering in Aesthetic Medicine"
• 2010 – 10th IAPSO Congress "Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery"
• 2010 – "Problematic Situations in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"
• 2010 – "Satellite Symposium Breast Augmentation Surgery"
• 2010 – 1st Congress of the Ukrainian Society of Aesthetic Medicine
• 2010 – "Current Problems in Autotransplantation of Fat in the Periorbital Area of the Face"
• 2011 – "Single-Stage Breast Reconstruction with Implants Using Acellular Dermal Matrix"
• 2011 – "ISAPS-St. Petersburg Course"
• 2011 – "New Technologies in Plastic Surgery"
• 2011 – "Current Issues in Reconstructive and Restorative Breast Surgery"
• 2012 – 5th International Conference "Progress in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"
• 2013 – "Problematic Situations in Breast Surgery"
• 2013 – 4th International Symposium on Plastic Surgery and Cosmetology "Combined Techniques and Biotechnology in Aesthetic Medicine"
• 2013 – "Reconstructive Breast Surgery: Aesthetic Aspects"
• 2017 – Cadaver Course, Arezzo, Italy
• 2017 – Speaker, 4th European Congress on Injection Techniques in Lviv
• 2017 – Advanced Aesthetic Blepharoplasty, Midface, and Face Contouring, St. Petersburg
• 2017-2018 – Regular speaker at master classes on Aesthetic Gynecology and Lipofilling Techniques
• 2018 – Speaker, National Scientific-Practical Conference "Breast in an Interdisciplinary Aspect"
• 2018 – Advanced Aesthetic Face, Breast, and Body Contouring, St. Petersburg
• 2023 – "Current Issues in Modern Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery", Uzhgorod
• 2024 – "Anatomy of Beauty", Kyiv
• 2024 – Speaker, Polytech Bright Talents Conference, Ibiza
• 2024 – Speaker, Difficult Cases Conference, Uzhgorod

Education:
• National Medical University (NMU) named after A.A. Bogomolets, Faculty of Medicine, Kyiv (2000)
• Internship, Department of Hospital Surgery №2 (NMU) named after A.A. Bogomolets, at the Central City Clinical Hospital in Kyiv (2002)

Procedures performed:
• Breast augmentation
• Breast reduction
• Breast lift
• Removal of biogel from the breast
• Correction of tubular breast shape
• Correction of breast asymmetry
• Implant replacement
• Labiaplasty

Memberships:
• Member of the Association of Plastic Surgeons of Ukraine
• Founder and participant of the Club of Plastic Surgeons
• Member of the Ukrainian Society of Aesthetic Medicine
• UPRADAS – Ukrainian Association of Dermatocosmetologists and Plastic-Reconstructive Surgeons

SPECIALTY IN MEDICINE

• Microsurgery
• Cleft lip
• Burn emergency
• Maxillofacial surgery
• Aesthetic surgery
• Tumor surgery
• Nerve injuries
• Reconstructive surgery

EDUCATIONAL BACKGORUND

INONU UNIVERSITY SUBSPECIALTY IN MEDICINE

2010-2014

FACULTY OF MEDICINE

INONU UNIVERSITY SPECIALTY IN MEDICINE

2002-2007

FACULTY OF MEDICINE/DIVISION OF SURGICAL MEDICINE SCIENCES/DEPARTMENT OF PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY

INONU UNIVERSITY SPECIALTY IN MEDICINE

2002-2007

FACULTY OF MEDICINE/DIVISION OF SURGICAL MEDICINE SCIENCES/DEPARTMENT OF PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY

Thesis name: Analysis of the long-term results of four different techniques with a new method in patients who underwent a reduction mammoplasty (2007) Thesis Supervisor: (ALI GÜRLEK)

POSITIONS

• PROFESSOR

2019 İNÖNÜ ÜNİVERSITY/FACULTY OF MEDICINE

• ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

2013 İNÖNÜ ÜNİVERSITY/FACULTY OF MEDICINE

• EDUCATION COORDINATOR

2011 İNÖNÜ ÜNİVERSITY/FACULTY OF MEDICINE

• ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

2008

INONU UNIVERSITY/FACULTY OF MEDICINE, DIVISION OF SURGICAL MEDICINE SCIENCES, DEPARTMENT OF PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY

MANAGED THESES

2014

ΑΥΤΕΚΙΝ ΑΗΜET HAMDI, (2014). Comparison of the effects of and hyaluronic acid injections into allogeneic vascular graft on nerve regeneration in the treatment of peripheral nerve defects, Inonü University->Faculty of Medicine->Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery

2012

GEYİK YILMAZ, (2012). Comparison of reconstruction methods, where vessel, and cartilage grafts are used, in peripheral nerve injuries and analysis of a new technique, İnönü University->Faculty of Medicine->Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery     

PROJECT TASKS

*Effects of Chrysin on burn wound healing, 1st scientific research project, which is supported by Higher Education Institutions, Researcher: FIRAT CEMAL, Researcher: OĞUZTÜRK HAKAN, Coordinator: TURTAY MUHAMMETGÖKHAN, Researcher: ÇİFTÇİ OSMAN, 01:092013-Glucan treatment prevents progressive burn ischaemia in the zone of stasis and improves burn healing. An experimental study in rats Firat C Samdanci E Erbatur S Aytekin AH AK M Turtay MG

Coban YK Burns 2012 Mar 31 Inönü University Scientific Research Project Responsible coordinator, BAP, Supervisor, 2010-2014 (ΝΑΤΙΟNAL) Cerium nitrate treatment prevents progressive tissue necrosis in the zone of stasis following burn

Eski M Ozer F Firat C Alhan D Arsian N Senturk T İşik S Burns 2012 Mar 38 2 2839 Epub 2011 Oct 19 Ankara Gulhane Military Medical Academy Scientific Research Project Researcher, BAP, Researcher, 2010-2011 (NATIONAL)