Treatment of breast cancer abroad is carried out with the help of such techniques:
Surgery
The amount of intervention depends on the size of the tumour. The following types of surgery for breast cancer are distinguished:
- Organ-preserving - indicated at the initial stages of the disease. Subspecies of the procedure:
- Sectoral resection (tumorectomy, lumpectomy) - indicated for tumours less than 2 cm. During the operation, surgeons excise the tumour and about 1 cm of surrounding healthy tissue to prevent recurrence - the return of the disease.
- Quadrantectomy - much like a lumpectomy, it also allows for breast preservation. During the intervention, surgeons remove the tumour and about 2 cm of nearby tissue.
- Total mastectomy is the complete removal of the breast. If there is a risk of the disease spreading to a healthy gland, doctors excise it as well.
If there is a risk of metastasis, in addition to the main operation, surgeons may perform a lymphadenectomy - removal of lymph nodes. To determine its appropriateness, doctors will dissect out 1 lymph node and analyse it. This is called a sentinel biopsy (sentinel lymph node biopsy).
Radiotherapy (radiation therapy)
This is a course of treatments during which the tumour is irradiated and gradually destroyed. Doctors perform radiotherapy in such cases:
- Before surgery (neoadjuvant radiotherapy) - to shrink the tumour and preserve breast tissue as much as possible;
- after surgery (adjuvant radiotherapy) - to destroy remaining cancer cells and prevent the disease from returning;
- instead of surgery - in advanced stages to slow tumour growth and reduce symptoms.
Radiosurgery
This is the one-stage destruction of the tumour with high doses of radiation. This treatment is performed in the early stages of the disease if the patient has contraindications to surgery.
Chemotherapy for breast cancer
This is the reception of special antitumour drugs, which with the bloodstream are spread throughout the body and destroy cancer cells. Types of chemotherapy:
- Neoadjuvant (pre-operative) - allows the tumour to shrink so that doctors can preserve as much gland tissue as possible during surgery.
- Adjuvant (postoperative) - destroys metastases throughout the body.
- Palliative - improves quality of life in the later stages of the disease.
Hormonal therapy
Treatment with hormonal drugs is prescribed to patients with hormone-dependent tumours in these situations:
- after surgery to prevent the disease from returning;
- if the disease has metastasised;
- in case of recurrence.